The effect of ammonium chloride concentrationson the content of carotenoid pigments in the body of Lymnaea stagnalis

  • G. E. Kyrychuk Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University
  • L. V. Muzyka Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University
Keywords: β-carotene, xanthophylls, antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, metabolic adaptation, freshwater mollusks

Abstract

The paper deals with the peculiarities of distribution of β-carotene and xanthophylls in the body of Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pulmonata, Lymnaeidae) in the normal conditions and under the action of different concentrations of NH4Cl, depending on duration of exposure (2, 7, 14 and 21 days). L. stagnalis (300 copies) were collected in September 2013–2014 (in Zhytomyr region). Toxicant NH4Cl was used in concentrations corresponding to 0.5, 2, 5 and 10 MAC. The content of β-carotene and xanthophylls was determined by the Taylor method. 2400 biochemical analyses were carried out. The article shows that under the action of 0.5 MPC NH4Cl adaptive processes are stimulated in the body of L. stagnalis and total antioxidant activity is activated, as evidenced by changes in the content of β-carotene and xanthophylls in the organs (hepatopancreas, pallium and foot) and tissues (hemolymph) of the mollusks under study. The research proves that the action of concentration discussed above during 2, 14 and 21 days causes the increase in the content of β-carotene in hepatopancreas (1.63–5.73 times), pallium (1.68–5.37 times) and foot (1.81–3.89 times) of animals. Incubation of mollusks in solutions of NH4Cl (0.5 MAC) for 7 days resulted in the decrease of figures in these organs by 23,6–38,8% relatively to control. It should be noted that from the overall dynamics hemolymph is somewhat distracting; for it 1.35–1.46 times’ decrease in the content of β-carotene after short-term action of the toxicant (2 and 7 days) and β-carotene increase by 2.79–7.38 times under conditions of prolonged exposure (14 and 21 days) is recorded. The content of xanthophylls correlates with the content of β-carotene on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day of toxic action, but by increasing the time of contact with toxic substances to 21 days the decrease in figures by 20,9–40,7% in foot and pallium is recorded. When the toxicant concentration is increased to 2 MAC (with 2 days’ exposition) β-carotene content grows 2,08–5.98 times throughout the body of L. stagnalis and xanthophyll content decreases in hepatopancreas, pallium and foot (by 51,8–67,3%). When increasing duration of exposure in solutions of this concentration to 7, 14 and 21 days the decrease is recorded in both parameters studied: β-carotene (by 52.1–73,8% in hepatopancreas, by 31,7–69,0% in pallium, by 56,1–80,6% in foot) and xanthophylls (by 44,6–82,6% in hepatopancreas, by 51,6–68,2% in pallium, 75,6–83,8% in foot). Increase in the toxicant concentration to 5 and 10 MAC regardless of the length of the exposure leads to reduction of the content of animals’ β-carotene in hemolymph (by 39,9 – of 92.6%) and hepatopancreas (11,2– 95,7%). In the mollusk foot the decrease of figures under action of 5 and 10 MAC of the toxicant during 7, 14 and 21 days (by 33,2–94,8% relative to control) irrespective of the exposure duration is recorded. Long stay (14 and 21 days) in solutions of the toxicant at the concentration of 5 and 10 MAC causes the reduction of xanthophyll content throughout the body of L. stagnalis. Tissue-specific distribution of β-carotene and xanthophylls in the tissues (organs) of L. stagnalis is shown. Hemolymph is characterized by minimum content of investigated pigments, and maximum values vary between organs (tissues) depending on the concentration and duration of exposure of animals to the toxic solution.

References

Britton, G., 1986. Biohimija prirodnyh pigmentov [Biochemistry of natural pigments]. Mir, Moscow (in Russian).

Ercal, N., Gurer-Orhan, H., Aykin-Burns, N., 2001. Toxic metals and oxidative stress. Part I: Mechanisms involved in metalinduced oxidative damage. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 1(6), 529–539.

Gautam, R.K., Parihar, R., 1996. Lead and mercury alters lipid contents in liver and kidney of Heteropneustes fossilis. Uttar. Pradesh. J. Zool. 16(1), 28–30.

Gordzjalkovskij, A.V., Makurina, O.N., 2006. Vodnye molljuski – perspektivnye obekty dlja biologicheskogo monitoringa [Water molluscs as perspective objects for biological monitoring]. Vestnik SamGU. Estestvennonauchnaja serija 7(47), 37–44 (in Russian).

Gordzjalkovskij, A.V., Makurina, O.N., 2007. Vlijanie fenola na soderzhanie karotinoidov v tkanjah molljuskov [Effect of phenol on the content of carotinoides in the mollusc tissues]. Vestnik SamGU. Estestvennonauchnaja serija 8(58), 60–68 (in Russian).

Gostjuhina, O.L., Soldatov, A.A., Golovina, I.V., Borodina, A.V., 2012. Soderzhanie karotinoidov i sostojanie antioksidantnogo fermentativnogo kompleksa tkanej u dvustvorchatogo molljuska Anadara inaequivalvis [Content of carotenoids and the state of tissue antioxidant enzymatic complex in Bivalve mollusc Anadara inaequivalvis Br.]. Zhurnal Jevoljucionnoj Biohimii i Fiziologii 48(6), 542–547 (in Russian).

Grubinko, V.V., 2011. Rol’ metaliv v adaptacii gidrobiontiv: Evoljucijno-ekologichni aspekty [A role of metals is in adaptation of aquatic organisms: Evolutional and ecological aspects]. Naukovi Zapysky Ternopilskogo Nacionalnogo Pedagogichnogo Universytetu Imeni Volodymyra Gnatjuka. Serija: Biologija 2(47), 237–262 (in Ukrainian).

Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1985. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.

Hlebovich, V.V., 1981. Akklimacija zhivotnyh organizmov [Acclimation of animal organisms]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Johnson, E.J., 2002. The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutr. Clin. Care. 5(2), 56–65. >> doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5408.2002.00004.x

Kirichuk, G.Y., 2002. Osobennosti nakoplenija ionov tjazhelyh metallov presnovodnymi molljuskami [Peculiarities of cumulation of heavy-metal ions by freshwater mollusks]. Visn. Zhytomyr. Derzh. Ped. Univ. im. I. Franka 10, 170–175 (in Russian).

Kostjuk, K.V., 2011. Strukturno-funkcionalni reakcii klityn vodnyh roslyn na diju toksykantiv [Structural and functional response of water plant cells to theaction of toxicants]. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).

Krinsky, N.I., 1994. The biological properties of carotenoids. Pure Appl. Chem. 66(5), 1003–1010. >> doi.org/10.1351/pac199466051003

Lappivaara, J., 2001. Effects of acute handling stress on whitefish Coregonus lavaretus after prolonged exposure to biologically treated and untreated bleached kraft mill effluent. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41(1), 55–64. >> doi.org/10.1007/s002440010220

Leus, J.V., 1998. Perekysne okysnennja lipidiv ta antyoksydantnyj zahyst u ryb pid vplyvom faktoriv vodnogo seredovyshha [Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in fish exposed aquatic environment factors]. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).

McCollum, E.V., 1967. The paths to the discovery of vitamins A and D. J. Nutr. 91(2), 32–38. >> doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07643.x

Metelev, V.V., Kanaev, A.I., Dzasohova, N.G., 1971. Vodnaja toksikologija [Aquatic toxicology]. Kolos, Moscow (in Russian).

Parke, D.V., 1987. Activation mechanisms to chemical toxicity. Arch. Toxicol. 60(1–3), 5–15. >> doi.org/10.1007/BF00296939

Potrohov, A.S., 2008. Snizhenie antistressovymi preparatami nervnoparaliticheskogo dejstvija vysokoj koncentracii ammonija na ryb [Reduction of neuroparalytic action of ammonium in high concentrations on fish by antistressing preparations]. Dopovidi NANU 9, 156–162 (in Russian).

Simahina, G.O., 2010. Funkcionalna rol karotynoidiv ta osoblyvosti ih vykorystannja u harchovyh tehnologijah [The functional role of carotenoids and peculiarities of their use in food technology]. Proceedings NUFT 33, 45–48 (in Ukrainian).

Soldatov, A.A., Gostjuhina, O.L., Golovina, I.V., 2007. Antioksidantnyj fermentnyj kompleks tkanej dvustvorchatogo molljuska Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. v norme i uslovijah okislitelnogo stressa (obzor) [Antioxidant enzyme complex of tissues of the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. under normal and oxidative-stress conditions: A review]. Prikladnaja Biohimija i Mikrobiologija 43(5), 621–628 (in Russian).

Stadnichenko, A.P., 1970. Izmenenija belkovogo spektra krovi Viviparus contectus (Millet, 1813) (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) pri invazii lichinochnymi formami trematod [On variations in the blood albuminous spectrum of Viviparus contectus (Millet, 1813) (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) caused by invasion with larval forms of trematodes]. Parazitologija (Parasitology) 5, 484–488 (in Russian).

Stadnichenko, A.P., Ivanenko, L.D., Mostipaka, O.A., Stepchuk, L.O., Gomenjuk, R.A., 2002. Vlijanie sulfata medi na soderzhanie karotinoidov v gemolimfe prudovika ozernogo (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) v norme i pri invazii ego partenitami trematod [Trematoda invasion and sulphate copper impact upon carotenoids of haemolymph of Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae)]. Visn. Zhytomyr. Derzh. Ped. Univ. im. I. Franka 10, 197–201 (in Russian).

Stadnichenko, A.P., Misechko, L.E., Shepel, A.N., 1985. Vlijanie fenolnoj intoksikacii na soderzhanie karotinoidnyh pigmentov v gemolimfe presnovodnyh molljuskov (Pulmonata, Lymnaeidae i Bulinidae) v norme i pri zarazhenii partenitami trematod [The effect of phenol intoxication on the carotinoid pigments contents in haemolymph of freshwater molluscs (Pulmonata, Lymnaeidae, Bulinidae) in normal conditions and during their infection with parthenites of trematodes]. Parazitologija 19(2), 101–104 (in Russian).

Stadnychenko, A.P., Astahova, L.J., Gyryn, V.K., 2007. Vplyv fenolnoi intoksykacii na vmist karotynoidiv u gemolimfi prisnovodnyh moljuskiv u normi i za invazii ih trematodamy [The effect of phenol intoxication on the carotenoid content in haemolymph of freshwater molluscs in normal conditions and during their of trematode infection]. Materials of the third international scientific conference «Development of scientific research», 65–67 (in Ukrainian).

Tilak, K.S., Lakshmi, S.J., Susan, T.A., 2002. The toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to the fish, Catla catla (Hamilton). J. Environ. Biol. 23(2), 147–149.

Toyomizu, M., Yamahira, S., Tanaka, M., Akiba, Y., 1999. Effects of ammonium chloride-induced acidosis on oxidative metabolism in liver mitochondria of chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 40, 541–544. >> doi.org/10.1080/00071669987331

Vershinin, A., 1996. Carotenoids in mollusca: Approaching the functions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 113(1), 63–71. >> doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(96)00104-6

Published
2015-09-17
Section
Articles