Assessment of metal trace elements in the echinoderm Paracentrotus lividus from the North-Eastern coast of Algeria
Keywords:
sea urchin; bioindicator; heavy metals; marine pollution; Skikda; Mediterranean Sea.
Abstract
The echinoderm sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck, 1816 (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) is a good species to be used in environmental and toxicology research, in particular as a heavy metal bio-indicator. Our study’s objective is to evaluate the amounts of Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu in sea urchin specimens collected from the coast of Skikda (Northeast Algeria) in order to validate the fact that sea urchins are good indicators of metal pollution and can be used effectively for environmental biomonitoring. To realize our objectives, three sampling sites were chosen based on suspected forms and sources of contamination. The main physicochemical parameters of the seawater were measured to determine their quality. 15 specimens of urchins in each station were obtained from exposed rocky surfaces and transported to the laboratory. Before dissection, the biometric parameters and the total wet weight were determined. The soft organs (gut and gonads) of individuals were separated and utilized to evaluate the levels of heavy metals. The condition index and metal indices were also determined. Our study confirmed that P. lividus may be considered a valuable bioindicator of heavy metal contamination in marine ecosystems. The results show that the amounts of heavy metals differed significantly between stations. Samples taken from the Larbi Ben M’hidi station showed greater amounts of Pb, Zn, and Cu. These amounts are above the recommended limits for fish and aquatic animals. Also, the heavy metals found in sea urchins vary depending on the physicochemical parameters, trace metals in the seawater, and the individual biometric parameters. These higher concentrations of metals in seawater and in P. lividus individuals at the Larbi Ben M’hidi station are largely caused by the construction of a massive oil industry complex and terminal with several refineries and petrochemical units near this station, as well as by a considerable amount of domestic wastewater. Finally, to avoid this metallic pollution risk, it is necessary that permanent controls be imposed as soon as possible. Urban and industrial wastes must be treated before being released, in the hope of reducing future metal concentrations.References
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Berg, L. R., Hassenzahl, D. M., & Raven, P. H. (2009). Environnement. Editeur De Boek Superieur, Brussels.
Chiarelli, R., Martino, C., & Roccheri, M. C. (2019). Cadmium stress effects indicating marine pollution in different species of sea urchin employed as environmental bioindicators. Cell Stress and Chaperones, 24, 675–687.
Chiffoleau, J., Auegr, D., Chartier, E., Michel, P., Truquet, I., Ficht, A., Gonzalez, J. L., & Romana, L. D. (2001). Spatiotomporal changes in cadmium contamination in the Seine Estuary (France). Estuaries, 24, 1029–1040.
Dermeche, S., Chahrour, F., & Boutiba, Z. (2012). Evaluation of the toxicity of metal pollutants on embryonic development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Biodiversity Journal, 3(3), 165–172.
Deudero, S., Box, A., March, D., Valencia, J. M., Grau, A. M., Tintore, J., & Benedicto, J. (2007). Temporal trends of metals in benthic invertebrate species from the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 1545–1558.
Geraci, F., Pinsino, A., Turturici, G., Savona, R., Giudice, G., & Sconzo, G. (2004). Nickel, lead, and cadmium induce differential cellular responses in sea urchin embryos by activating the synthesis of different HSP70s. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 322, 873–877.
Gharred, T., Ezzine, I. K., Naija, A., Rayena Bouali, R., & Jebali, J. (2015). Assessment of toxic interactions between deltamethrin and copper on the fertility and developmental events in the Mediterranean sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 193–200.
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Lafabrie, C., Pergent, G., Kantin, R., Pergent-Martini, C., & Gonzalez, J. L. (2007). Trace metals assessment in water, sediment, mussel and sea grass species-validation of the use of Posidonia oceanica as a metal biomonitor. Chemosphere, 68(11), 2033–2039.
Luo, M., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Hu, W., Xiao, K., Yu, S., Zheng, C., & Wang, X. (2022). Pollution assessment and sources of dissolved heavy metals in coastal water of a highly urbanized coastal area: The role of groundwater discharge. Science of the Total Environment, 807, 151070.
McClintock, J. B., Amsler, M. O., Angus, R. A., & Edwards, R. A. (2022). Variation in trace element concentrations with size in sea urchin skeletal components. Journal of Shellfish Research, 41(2), 277–281.
Mok, W. J., Ghaffar, M. A., Noor, M. I. M., Lananan, F., & Azra, M. N. (2023). Understanding climate change and heavy metals in coastal areas: A macroanalysis assessment. Water, 15, 891.
Pinsino, A., Della Torre, C., Sammarini, V., Bonaventura, R., Amato, E., & Matranga, V. (2008). Sea urchin coelomocytes as a novel cellular biosensor of environmental stress: A field study in the Tremiti Island Marine Protected Area, Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 24, 541–552.
Richir, J., & Gobert, S. (2014). A reassessment of the use of Posidonia oceanica and Mytilus galloprovincialis to biomonitor the coastal pollution in trace elements: New tools and tips. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 89, 390–406.
Richir, J., & Gobert, S. (2016). An ecophysiological discussion of trace element bioaccumulation in cultured Mytilus galloprovincialis. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 146(1), 53–61.
Rodier, J. (1996). The analysis of the water: Natural waters, residual waters, sea water. 8th ed. Dunod, Paris.
Rouane-Hacene, O., Boutiba, Z., Belhaouaria, B., Guibbolini-Sabatier, M., Francour, P., & Risso-de Faverney, C. (2015). Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring. Oceanologia, 57, 362–374.
Rouane-Hacene, O., Boutiba, Z., Benaissa, M., Belhaouari, B., Francour, P., Guibbolini-Sabatier, M. E., & Risso-De Faverney, C. (2018). Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation, and bioavailability of heavy metals in sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring. Environmental Science and Pollution, 25, 11238–11251.
Salvo, A., Potortì, A. G., Cicero, N., Bruno, M., Turco, V. L., Bella, G. D., & Dugo, G. (2014). Statistical characterisation of heavy metal contents in Paracentrotus lividus from Mediterranean Sea. Natural Product Research, 28, 718–726.
Savriama, Y., Stige, L. C., Gerber, S., Pérez, T., Alibert, P., & David, B. (2015). Impact of sewage pollution on two species of sea urchins in the Mediterranean Sea (Cortiou, France): Radial asymmetry as a bioindicator of stress. Ecological Indicators, 54, 39–47.
Soualili, D. L., Dubois, P., Gosselin, P., Pernet, P., & Guillou, M. (2008). Assessment of seawater pollution by heavy metals in the neighbourhood of Algiers: Use of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, as a bioindicator. Journal of Marine Science, 65, 132–139.
Storelli, M. M., Storelli, A., & Marcotrigiano, G. O. (2001). Heavy metals in the aquatic environment of the Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy: Macroalgae, sediments and benthic species. Environment International, 26, 505–509.
Strogyloudi, E., Pancucci–Papadopoulou, M. A., & Papadopoulos, G. L. (2014). Metal and metallothionein concentrations in Paracentrotus lividus from Amvrakikos Gulf (Ionian Sea – Greece). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 5489–5499.
Ternengo, S., Marengo, M., El Idrissi, O., Yepka, J., Pasqualini, V., & Gobert, S. (2018). Spatial variations in trace element concentrations of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, a first reference study in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129, 293–298.
Warnau, M., Biondo, R., Temara, A., Bouquegneau, J. M., Jangoux, M., & Dubois, P. (1998). Distribution of heavy metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus from the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica ecosystem: Seasonal and geographical variations. Journal of Sea Research, 39, 267–280.
Wyse, E. J., Azemard, S., & Mora, S. J. (2003). Report on the world-wide inter-comparison exercise for the determination of trace elements and methylmercury in fish homogenate. IAEA-407, IAEA/AL/144 (IAEA/MEL/72), IAEA, Monaco.
Yilmaz, A. B., & Yilmaz, L. (2007). Influences of sex and seasons on levels of heavy metals in tissues of green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus de Hann, 1844). Food Chemistry, 101, 1696–1701.
Bencheikh, Z., Refes, W., Brito, P. M., Prodocimo, M. M., Gusso Choueri, P. K., Choueri, R. B., & Oliveira Ribeiro, C. A. (2022). Chemical pollution impairs the health of fish species and fishery activities along the Algeria coastline. Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 497.
Berg, L. R., Hassenzahl, D. M., & Raven, P. H. (2009). Environnement. Editeur De Boek Superieur, Brussels.
Chiarelli, R., Martino, C., & Roccheri, M. C. (2019). Cadmium stress effects indicating marine pollution in different species of sea urchin employed as environmental bioindicators. Cell Stress and Chaperones, 24, 675–687.
Chiffoleau, J., Auegr, D., Chartier, E., Michel, P., Truquet, I., Ficht, A., Gonzalez, J. L., & Romana, L. D. (2001). Spatiotomporal changes in cadmium contamination in the Seine Estuary (France). Estuaries, 24, 1029–1040.
Dermeche, S., Chahrour, F., & Boutiba, Z. (2012). Evaluation of the toxicity of metal pollutants on embryonic development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Biodiversity Journal, 3(3), 165–172.
Deudero, S., Box, A., March, D., Valencia, J. M., Grau, A. M., Tintore, J., & Benedicto, J. (2007). Temporal trends of metals in benthic invertebrate species from the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 1545–1558.
Geraci, F., Pinsino, A., Turturici, G., Savona, R., Giudice, G., & Sconzo, G. (2004). Nickel, lead, and cadmium induce differential cellular responses in sea urchin embryos by activating the synthesis of different HSP70s. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 322, 873–877.
Gharred, T., Ezzine, I. K., Naija, A., Rayena Bouali, R., & Jebali, J. (2015). Assessment of toxic interactions between deltamethrin and copper on the fertility and developmental events in the Mediterranean sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 193–200.
Goldberg, E. D., & Bertine, K. K. (2000). Beyond the mussel watch-new directions for monitoring marine pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 247(2–3), 165–174.
Guendouzi, Y., Soualili, D. L., Boulahdid, M., Boudjenoun, M., & Mezali, K. (2017). Seasonal variation in bioavailability of trace metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) from Algerian coastal waters: Effect of physiological indices. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 14, 112–117.
Kostianoy, A. G., & Carpenter, A. (2018). History, sources and volumes of oil pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 83, 9–31.
Kucuksezgin, F., Kontas, A., Altay, O., Uluturhan, E., & Darilmaz, E. (2006). Assessment of marine pollution in Izmir Bay: Nutrient, heavy metal and total hydrocarbon concentrations. Environment International, 32, 41–51.
Lafabrie, C., Pergent, G., Kantin, R., Pergent-Martini, C., & Gonzalez, J. L. (2007). Trace metals assessment in water, sediment, mussel and sea grass species-validation of the use of Posidonia oceanica as a metal biomonitor. Chemosphere, 68(11), 2033–2039.
Luo, M., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Hu, W., Xiao, K., Yu, S., Zheng, C., & Wang, X. (2022). Pollution assessment and sources of dissolved heavy metals in coastal water of a highly urbanized coastal area: The role of groundwater discharge. Science of the Total Environment, 807, 151070.
McClintock, J. B., Amsler, M. O., Angus, R. A., & Edwards, R. A. (2022). Variation in trace element concentrations with size in sea urchin skeletal components. Journal of Shellfish Research, 41(2), 277–281.
Mok, W. J., Ghaffar, M. A., Noor, M. I. M., Lananan, F., & Azra, M. N. (2023). Understanding climate change and heavy metals in coastal areas: A macroanalysis assessment. Water, 15, 891.
Pinsino, A., Della Torre, C., Sammarini, V., Bonaventura, R., Amato, E., & Matranga, V. (2008). Sea urchin coelomocytes as a novel cellular biosensor of environmental stress: A field study in the Tremiti Island Marine Protected Area, Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 24, 541–552.
Richir, J., & Gobert, S. (2014). A reassessment of the use of Posidonia oceanica and Mytilus galloprovincialis to biomonitor the coastal pollution in trace elements: New tools and tips. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 89, 390–406.
Richir, J., & Gobert, S. (2016). An ecophysiological discussion of trace element bioaccumulation in cultured Mytilus galloprovincialis. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 146(1), 53–61.
Rodier, J. (1996). The analysis of the water: Natural waters, residual waters, sea water. 8th ed. Dunod, Paris.
Rouane-Hacene, O., Boutiba, Z., Belhaouaria, B., Guibbolini-Sabatier, M., Francour, P., & Risso-de Faverney, C. (2015). Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring. Oceanologia, 57, 362–374.
Rouane-Hacene, O., Boutiba, Z., Benaissa, M., Belhaouari, B., Francour, P., Guibbolini-Sabatier, M. E., & Risso-De Faverney, C. (2018). Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation, and bioavailability of heavy metals in sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring. Environmental Science and Pollution, 25, 11238–11251.
Salvo, A., Potortì, A. G., Cicero, N., Bruno, M., Turco, V. L., Bella, G. D., & Dugo, G. (2014). Statistical characterisation of heavy metal contents in Paracentrotus lividus from Mediterranean Sea. Natural Product Research, 28, 718–726.
Savriama, Y., Stige, L. C., Gerber, S., Pérez, T., Alibert, P., & David, B. (2015). Impact of sewage pollution on two species of sea urchins in the Mediterranean Sea (Cortiou, France): Radial asymmetry as a bioindicator of stress. Ecological Indicators, 54, 39–47.
Soualili, D. L., Dubois, P., Gosselin, P., Pernet, P., & Guillou, M. (2008). Assessment of seawater pollution by heavy metals in the neighbourhood of Algiers: Use of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, as a bioindicator. Journal of Marine Science, 65, 132–139.
Storelli, M. M., Storelli, A., & Marcotrigiano, G. O. (2001). Heavy metals in the aquatic environment of the Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy: Macroalgae, sediments and benthic species. Environment International, 26, 505–509.
Strogyloudi, E., Pancucci–Papadopoulou, M. A., & Papadopoulos, G. L. (2014). Metal and metallothionein concentrations in Paracentrotus lividus from Amvrakikos Gulf (Ionian Sea – Greece). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 5489–5499.
Ternengo, S., Marengo, M., El Idrissi, O., Yepka, J., Pasqualini, V., & Gobert, S. (2018). Spatial variations in trace element concentrations of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, a first reference study in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129, 293–298.
Warnau, M., Biondo, R., Temara, A., Bouquegneau, J. M., Jangoux, M., & Dubois, P. (1998). Distribution of heavy metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus from the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica ecosystem: Seasonal and geographical variations. Journal of Sea Research, 39, 267–280.
Wyse, E. J., Azemard, S., & Mora, S. J. (2003). Report on the world-wide inter-comparison exercise for the determination of trace elements and methylmercury in fish homogenate. IAEA-407, IAEA/AL/144 (IAEA/MEL/72), IAEA, Monaco.
Yilmaz, A. B., & Yilmaz, L. (2007). Influences of sex and seasons on levels of heavy metals in tissues of green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus de Hann, 1844). Food Chemistry, 101, 1696–1701.
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2023-05-12
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