Rare steppe plant communities in Ukraine: Status, threats and their minimization
Keywords:
grass; shrub rare communities; subshrub rare communities; biodiversity; steppe zone of Ukraine; threats
Abstract
Nowadays, the impact of anthropogenic activities on natural vegetation is constantly increasing, the level of threats is raised, and newer risk factors are emerging. Recent trends in the anthropogenic impact on plant communities are extremely pronounced, especially on those listed in the Green Book of Ukraine (GBU). Identifying such trends is required for the further development of strategic and tactical planning for the preservation and restoration of rare grass, shrub, and subshrub steppe, petrophyte and psammophyte plant communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine. In addition to well-established threat factors that cause changes in the habitat of plant communities or mechanically affect plants, new specific threats occur. Today, the most important among them in Ukraine are as follows: climate change, military activity, growing population in the industrial cities, population poverty and government corruption, changes in forms of land ownership and the creation of a land market, lack of knowledge and effective policy, including lack of popular scientific information about the status of specific species and plant groupings, inadequate management of protected areas, uncoordinated environmental protection measures, ineffective sanctions, insufficient monitoring of the consumption of natural biological resources. The preservation of rare grass, shrubby and subshrubby communities in the steppe zone of Ukraine should be provided with proper support at the state level. There is a pressing need for a law of Ukraine “On the preservation of the steppes in Ukraine” and this will require mechanisms for its implementation. The issue of developing a strategy for the conservation and balanced use of steppe ecosystems in Ukraine, whose area is one of the largest in Europe, has long been raised. The main goal of the strategy is the actual preservation of steppe communities (most of which are currently rare) ensuring their restoration, minimizing degradation, and stopping biodiversity loss. In order to develop specific actions to eliminate threats or reduce their impact on rare plant groupings, it is required to investigate the causes of threats and assess their level and duration. This is required to preserve the landscape and biotic diversity in the steppe zone of Ukraine.References
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Fahey, C., Angelini, C., & Flory, S. L. (2018). Grass invasion and drought interact to alter the diversity and structure of native plant communities. Ecology, 99(12), 2692–2702.
Fanfarillo, E., Latini, M., & Abbate, G. (2020). Patterns of co-occurrence of rare and threatened species in winter arable plant communities of Italy. Diversity, 12, 195.
Gallardo, B., Aldridge, D. C., González-Moreno, P., Pergl, J., Pizarro, M., Pyšek, P., Thuiller, W., Yesson, C., & Vilà, M. (2017). Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change. Global Change Biology, 23, 5331–5343.
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Izco, J. (2015). Risk of extinction of plant communities: Risk and assessment categories. Plant Biosystems, 149(3), 589–602.
Jentsch, A., Friedrich, S., Steinlein, T., Beyschlag, W., & Nezadal, W. (2009). Assessing conservation action for substitution of missing dynamics on former military training areas in Central Europe. Restoration Ecology, 17(1), 107–116.
Julien, M., Schatz, B., Contant, S., & Filippi, G. (2022). Flora richness of a military area: Discovery of a remarkable station of Serapias neglecta in Corsica. Biodiversity Data Journal, 10, e76375.
Kravchenko, O., Vasyliuk, O., Voitsikhovska, A., & Norenko, K. (2015). Doslidzhennia vplyvu vijskovykh dij na dovkillia na skhodi Ukrajiny [Research on the impact of military actions on the environment in Eastern Ukraine]. Skhid, 2, 118–123 (in Ukrainian).
Lavergne, S., Mouquet, N., Thuiller, W., & Ronce, O. (2010). Biodiversity and climate change: Integrating evolutionary and ecological responses of species and communities. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 41, 321–350.
Leis, S. A., Engle, D. M., Leslie, D. M., & Fehmi, J. S. (2005). Effects of short- and long-term disturbance resulting from military maneuvers on vegetation and soils in a mixed Prairie Area. Environmental Management, 36, 849–861.
Lindner, M., Fitzgerald, J. B., Zimmermann, N. E., Reyer, C., Delzon, S., Maaten, E., Schelhaas, M.-J., Lasch, P., Eggers, J., Maaten-Theunissen, M., Suckow, F., Psomas, A., Poulter, B., & Hanewinkel, M. (2014). Climate change and European forests: What do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management? Journal of Environmental Management, 146, 69–83.
Lisova, N. O. (2017). Vplyv vijskovykh dij v Ukrajiny na ekolohichnyj stan terytoriji [Influence of military actions in Ukraine on the ecological state of the country]. Naukovi Zapysky, 2, 165–173 (in Ukrainian).
Moodley, D., Foxcroft, L. C., Novoa, A., Pyšková, K., Pergl, J., & Pysek, P. (2020). Invasive alien species add to the uncertain future of protected areas. NeoBiota, 57, 52188.
Paal, J. (1998). Rare and threatened plant communities of Estonia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1027–1049.
Pergl, J., Sádlo, J., Petrusek, A. Laštůvka, Z., Musil, J., Perglová, I., Šanda, R., Šefrová, H., Šíma, J., Vohralík, V., & Pyšek, P. (2016). Black, Grey and Watch Lists of alien species in the Czech Republic based on environmental impacts and management strategy. NeoBiota, 28, 4824.
Popova, O. M., Rusiev, I. T., & Uzhevska, S. P. (2017). Problemy pidrakhunku zbytkiv na terytorijakh pryrodno-zapovidnoho fondu na prykladi rozoriuvannia landshaftnoho zakaznyka “Tarutynskyi step” (Odeska oblast) [Problems of damage calculation in the territories of the nature reserve fund on the example of the plowing of the landscape reserve “Tarutyn Steppe” (Odesa Region)]. Conservation Biology in Ukraine, 2(1), 181–187 (in Ukrainian).
Quist, M. C., Fay, P. A., Guy, C. S., Knapp, A. K., & Rubenstein, B. N. (2003). Military training effects on terrestrial and aquatic communities on a grassland military installation. Ecological Applications, 13(2), 432–442.
Rai, P. K., & Singh, J. S. (2020). Invasive alien plant species: Their impact on environment, ecosystem services and human health. Ecological Indicators, 111, 106020.
Shackleton, R. T., Foxcroft, L. C., Pyšek, P., Wood, L. E., & Richardson, D. M. (2020). Assessing biological invasions in protected areas after 30 years: Revisiting nature reserves targeted by the 1980s SCOPE programme. Biological Conservation, 243(1), 108424.
Stepanenko, S. M., & Polovyi, A. M. (Eds.). (2015). Klimatychni zminy ta yikh vplyv na sfery ekonomiky Ukrajiny [Climate change and its impact on the economy of Ukraine]. Odesa State Ecological University, Odesa (in Ukrainian).
Tkachenko, V. S., & Boychenko, S. G. (2017). Ekotopichni transformatsiyi stepovykh ekosystem pid vplyvom klimatychnykh zmin u druhij polovyni ХХ ta na pochatku ХХІ st. [Ecotopic transformations of steppe ekosystems under the influence of climate changes in the second half of the XX century and in the early XXI century]. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 11, 94–102 (in Ukrainian).
Ustymenko, P. M., & Dubyna, D. V. (2015). Kodeks fitotsenotaksonomichnoji nomenklatury Ukrajiny (projekt) [Code of Phytocoenotaxonomic Nomenclature of Ukraine (project)]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 72(2), 103–115 (in Ukrainian).
Vasyliuk, O., Shyriaieva, D., Kolomytsev, G., & Spinova, J. (2017). Zapovidni terytoriji stepu na terytoriji Ukrajiny v umovakh zbroynoho konfliktu na Donbasi ta rosijskoji aneksiji Krymskoho pivostrova [Steppe protected areas on the territory of Ukraine in the context of the armed conflict in the Donbas region and Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula]. Bulletin of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group, 33, 15–23 (in Ukrainian).
Wagner, V., Chytrý, M., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Pergl, J., Hennekens, S., Biurrun, I., Knollová, I., Berg, C., Vassilev, K., Rodwell, J. S., Škvorc, Ž., Jandt, U., Ewald, J., Jansen, F., Tsiripidis, I., Botta-Dukát, Z., Casella, L., Attorre, F., Rašomavičius, V., Ćušterevska, R., Schaminée, J. H. J., Brunet, J., Lenoir, J. Svenning, J. C., Kącki, Z., Petrášová-Šibíková, M., Šilc, U., García-Mijangos, I., Campos, J. A., Fernández-González, F., Wohlgemuth, T., Onyshchenko, V., & Pyšek, P. (2017). Alien plant invasions in European woodlands. Diversity and Distributions, 23(9), 969–981.
Yager, L. Y., Jones, J., & Miller, D. L. (2009). Military training and road effects on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (cogongrass). Southeastern Naturalist, 8(4), 695–708.
Baider, C., & Florens, F. B. V. (2011). Control of invasive alien weeds averts imminent plant extinction. Biological Invasions, 13, 2641–2646.
Bowler, D., Hof, C., Haase, P., Kröncke, I., Schweiger, O., Adrian, R., Baert, L., Bauer, H.-G., Blick, T., Brooker, R. W., Dekoninck, W., Domisch, S., Eckmann, R., Hendrick, F., Hickler, T., Klotz, S., Kraberg, A., Kühn, I., Matesanz, S., Meschede, A., Neumann, H., O’Hara, R., Russell, D. J., Sell, A. F., Sonnewald, M, Stoll, S., Sundermann, A., Tackenberg, O., Türkay, M., Valladares, F., van Herk, K., van Klink, R., Vermeulen, R., Voigtländer, K., Wagner, R., Welk, E., Wiemers, M., Wiltshire, K. H., & Böhning-Gaese, K. (2017). Cross-realm assessment of climate change impacts on species abundance trends. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 1(3), 0067.
Boychenko, S., Voloshchuk, V., Kuchma, T., & Serdyuchenko, N. (2018). Long-time changes of the thermal continentality index, the amplitudes and the phase of the seasonal temperature variation in Ukraine. Geophysical Journal, 40(3), 81–96.
Burkovskyi, O. P., Vasyliuk, O. V., Yena, A. V., Kuzemko, A. A., Movchan, Y. I., Moisiienko, I. I., & Sirenko, I. P. (2013). Ostanni stepy Ukrajiny: Buty chy ne buty? [The last steppes of Ukraine: To be or not to be?]. Heoprynt, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Crisfield, V. E., Dennett, J. M., Denny, C. K., Lingfeng, M., & Nielsen, S. E. (2020). Species richness is a surrogate for rare plant occurrence, but not conservation value, in boreal plant communities. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29, 99–114.
Diakov, V. A. (Eds.). (2016). Zberezhennia biolohichnoho i landshaftnoho riznomanittia Ukrajiny [Preservation of biological and landscape diversity of Ukraine]. Drukarskyi Dvir, Sviatohirsk (in Ukrainian).
Didukh, Y. P. (Eds.). (2009). Zelena knyha Ukrajiny [Green Book of Ukraine]. Khimdzhest, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Didukh, Y. P., & Vakarenko, L. P. (2019). Kadastr biotopiv yak osnova zberezhennya zemli pry rynkovykh vidnosynakh [Biotope cadastre as a basis for land conservation in market relations]. Visnyk Natsionalnoji Akademiji nauk Ukrajiny, 9, 70–80 (in Ukrainian).
Dubyna, D. V., Dziuba, T. P., Yemelianova, S. M., Bahrikova, N. O., Borysova, O. V., Borsukevych, L. M., Vynokurov, D. S., Hapon, S. V., Hapon, Y. V., Davydov, D. A., Dvoretskyi, T. V., Didukh, Y. P., Zhmud, O. I., Kozyr, M. S., Konishchuk, V. V., Kuzemko, A. A., Pashkevych, N. A., Ryff, L. E., Solomakha, V. A., Felbaba-Klushyna, L. M., Fitsailo, T. V., Chorna, H. A., Chornei, I. I., Sheliah-Sosonko, Y. R., & Yakushenko, D. M. (2019a). Prodromus roslynnosti Ukrajiny [Prodrome of the vegetation of Ukraine]. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Dubyna, D. V., Ennan, A. A., Vararenko, L. P., Dzyuba, T. P., Kiriushkina, H. M., & Shykhalyeyeva, H. M. (2019b). Dynamika roslynnosti dolyny Kuialnytskoho Lymanu (Odeska obl.). Chastyna 2. Antropichni suktsesiji roslynnosti [Dynamics of vegetation of the Kuyalnitskyi Estuary valley (Odesa Region). Part 2. The anthropic successions of vegetation]. Chornomorski Botanical Journal, 15(4), 316–333 (in Ukrainian).
Dudkin, O. V. (Eds.). (2003). Otsinka i napriamky zmenshennia zahroz bioriznomanittia Ukrajiny [Assessment and ways to reduce threats to biodiversity of Ukraine]. Khimdzhest, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Fahey, C., Angelini, C., & Flory, S. L. (2018). Grass invasion and drought interact to alter the diversity and structure of native plant communities. Ecology, 99(12), 2692–2702.
Fanfarillo, E., Latini, M., & Abbate, G. (2020). Patterns of co-occurrence of rare and threatened species in winter arable plant communities of Italy. Diversity, 12, 195.
Gallardo, B., Aldridge, D. C., González-Moreno, P., Pergl, J., Pizarro, M., Pyšek, P., Thuiller, W., Yesson, C., & Vilà, M. (2017). Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change. Global Change Biology, 23, 5331–5343.
Harrison, S. (2020). Plant community diversity will decline more than increase under climatic warming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1794), 106.
Izco, J. (2015). Risk of extinction of plant communities: Risk and assessment categories. Plant Biosystems, 149(3), 589–602.
Jentsch, A., Friedrich, S., Steinlein, T., Beyschlag, W., & Nezadal, W. (2009). Assessing conservation action for substitution of missing dynamics on former military training areas in Central Europe. Restoration Ecology, 17(1), 107–116.
Julien, M., Schatz, B., Contant, S., & Filippi, G. (2022). Flora richness of a military area: Discovery of a remarkable station of Serapias neglecta in Corsica. Biodiversity Data Journal, 10, e76375.
Kravchenko, O., Vasyliuk, O., Voitsikhovska, A., & Norenko, K. (2015). Doslidzhennia vplyvu vijskovykh dij na dovkillia na skhodi Ukrajiny [Research on the impact of military actions on the environment in Eastern Ukraine]. Skhid, 2, 118–123 (in Ukrainian).
Lavergne, S., Mouquet, N., Thuiller, W., & Ronce, O. (2010). Biodiversity and climate change: Integrating evolutionary and ecological responses of species and communities. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 41, 321–350.
Leis, S. A., Engle, D. M., Leslie, D. M., & Fehmi, J. S. (2005). Effects of short- and long-term disturbance resulting from military maneuvers on vegetation and soils in a mixed Prairie Area. Environmental Management, 36, 849–861.
Lindner, M., Fitzgerald, J. B., Zimmermann, N. E., Reyer, C., Delzon, S., Maaten, E., Schelhaas, M.-J., Lasch, P., Eggers, J., Maaten-Theunissen, M., Suckow, F., Psomas, A., Poulter, B., & Hanewinkel, M. (2014). Climate change and European forests: What do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management? Journal of Environmental Management, 146, 69–83.
Lisova, N. O. (2017). Vplyv vijskovykh dij v Ukrajiny na ekolohichnyj stan terytoriji [Influence of military actions in Ukraine on the ecological state of the country]. Naukovi Zapysky, 2, 165–173 (in Ukrainian).
Moodley, D., Foxcroft, L. C., Novoa, A., Pyšková, K., Pergl, J., & Pysek, P. (2020). Invasive alien species add to the uncertain future of protected areas. NeoBiota, 57, 52188.
Paal, J. (1998). Rare and threatened plant communities of Estonia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1027–1049.
Pergl, J., Sádlo, J., Petrusek, A. Laštůvka, Z., Musil, J., Perglová, I., Šanda, R., Šefrová, H., Šíma, J., Vohralík, V., & Pyšek, P. (2016). Black, Grey and Watch Lists of alien species in the Czech Republic based on environmental impacts and management strategy. NeoBiota, 28, 4824.
Popova, O. M., Rusiev, I. T., & Uzhevska, S. P. (2017). Problemy pidrakhunku zbytkiv na terytorijakh pryrodno-zapovidnoho fondu na prykladi rozoriuvannia landshaftnoho zakaznyka “Tarutynskyi step” (Odeska oblast) [Problems of damage calculation in the territories of the nature reserve fund on the example of the plowing of the landscape reserve “Tarutyn Steppe” (Odesa Region)]. Conservation Biology in Ukraine, 2(1), 181–187 (in Ukrainian).
Quist, M. C., Fay, P. A., Guy, C. S., Knapp, A. K., & Rubenstein, B. N. (2003). Military training effects on terrestrial and aquatic communities on a grassland military installation. Ecological Applications, 13(2), 432–442.
Rai, P. K., & Singh, J. S. (2020). Invasive alien plant species: Their impact on environment, ecosystem services and human health. Ecological Indicators, 111, 106020.
Shackleton, R. T., Foxcroft, L. C., Pyšek, P., Wood, L. E., & Richardson, D. M. (2020). Assessing biological invasions in protected areas after 30 years: Revisiting nature reserves targeted by the 1980s SCOPE programme. Biological Conservation, 243(1), 108424.
Stepanenko, S. M., & Polovyi, A. M. (Eds.). (2015). Klimatychni zminy ta yikh vplyv na sfery ekonomiky Ukrajiny [Climate change and its impact on the economy of Ukraine]. Odesa State Ecological University, Odesa (in Ukrainian).
Tkachenko, V. S., & Boychenko, S. G. (2017). Ekotopichni transformatsiyi stepovykh ekosystem pid vplyvom klimatychnykh zmin u druhij polovyni ХХ ta na pochatku ХХІ st. [Ecotopic transformations of steppe ekosystems under the influence of climate changes in the second half of the XX century and in the early XXI century]. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 11, 94–102 (in Ukrainian).
Ustymenko, P. M., & Dubyna, D. V. (2015). Kodeks fitotsenotaksonomichnoji nomenklatury Ukrajiny (projekt) [Code of Phytocoenotaxonomic Nomenclature of Ukraine (project)]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 72(2), 103–115 (in Ukrainian).
Vasyliuk, O., Shyriaieva, D., Kolomytsev, G., & Spinova, J. (2017). Zapovidni terytoriji stepu na terytoriji Ukrajiny v umovakh zbroynoho konfliktu na Donbasi ta rosijskoji aneksiji Krymskoho pivostrova [Steppe protected areas on the territory of Ukraine in the context of the armed conflict in the Donbas region and Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula]. Bulletin of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group, 33, 15–23 (in Ukrainian).
Wagner, V., Chytrý, M., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Pergl, J., Hennekens, S., Biurrun, I., Knollová, I., Berg, C., Vassilev, K., Rodwell, J. S., Škvorc, Ž., Jandt, U., Ewald, J., Jansen, F., Tsiripidis, I., Botta-Dukát, Z., Casella, L., Attorre, F., Rašomavičius, V., Ćušterevska, R., Schaminée, J. H. J., Brunet, J., Lenoir, J. Svenning, J. C., Kącki, Z., Petrášová-Šibíková, M., Šilc, U., García-Mijangos, I., Campos, J. A., Fernández-González, F., Wohlgemuth, T., Onyshchenko, V., & Pyšek, P. (2017). Alien plant invasions in European woodlands. Diversity and Distributions, 23(9), 969–981.
Yager, L. Y., Jones, J., & Miller, D. L. (2009). Military training and road effects on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (cogongrass). Southeastern Naturalist, 8(4), 695–708.
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