Influence of tree-crown density on dominant plant species of the herb-shrub stratum in the zone of mixed forests
Keywords:
forest ecosystems; ground cover; herbaceous plants; species diverse; forest communities; protected nature areas; biodiversity
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are among the most complex and dynamic biological systems of our planet. They play an important role in sustaining biodiversity, regulating the climate, and preserving water resources. Furthermore, they serve as natural filters, improving the quality of soil and air, and also preventing erosive processes. Forests create unique conditions for life of various species of plants and animals, which contributes to maintenance of the natural biodiversity and supports the stability of the ecosystem. Likewise, forests are important for the carbon cycle. They absorb a large amount of carbon, thus hindering global warming. Therefore, forest ecosystems are of paramount ecological value and their preservation is crucial for a balanced functioning of the planet. Our studies were carried out in the forest ecosystems of the Desna-Starohutskyi National Park, which is in the Ukrainian Polissia. The materials and methods of the study included systematic collection of the data on density of tree crowns, and also records of diversity of plants of the herb-shrub stratum in the chosen forest areas. Those data were analyzed using statistical methods. The study results revealed that the crown density has a significant effect on diversity of herb-shrub plants in the lower forest strata. Increase in crown density correlated with decrease in the light availability in the herb-shrub stratum. Change in the crown density towards increase significantly altered the conditions for competition between herbaceous and shrub species. Decrease in light availability led to shift in the competition ratio between the species, promoting dominance of more shade-loving species. Increase in crown density, which often reached 100%, made the competition more severe, especially for key resources (light, water, and nutrients). Because of this, species diversity in the herb-shrub stratum of the forest ecosystems was observed to decrease, and less adapted species were extruded. In general, change in tree-crown density in the forest ecosystem had a significant effect on the dynamics of herbaceous and shrub species, changing competitive relations and the structure of those plant communities. The results we obtained expand the knowledge about interactions between crown density and the structure of herb-shrub stratum, which gives perspectives for more efficient management of forest resources, and can also improve scientific identification and implementation of measures for protection of forest ecosystems.References
Andrienko, T. L., & Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (1983). Plant world of Ukrainian Polissya in the context of its conservation. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
Andrushchenko, O. P., Rumyantsev, M. G., & Bondar, O. B. (2018). Zhyvyj nadgruntovyj pokryv u pryrodnykh dubovykh nasadzhenniakh Pivdenno-Skhidnoho Lisostepu Ukrajiny [Living ground cover in natural oak plantations of the South-Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine]. Forestry and Forest Melioration, 133, 3–9 (in Ukrainian).
Baranova, T. Y., & Kurinskaya, N. V. (2013). Vlijanie svetovogo rezhima na produktivnost’ i sezonnoe razvitie Convallaria majalis v dubravakh Srednego Dona [Influence of light conditions on the productivity and seasonal development of Convallaria majalis in oak forests of the Middle Don]. Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. North Caucasus Region. Natural Sciences, 175(3), 50–52 (in Russian).
Bierza, K. (2022). Metal accumulation and functional traits of Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt in acid beech forests differing with pollution level. Water Air Soil Pollution, 233, 60.
Bussmann, R. W., Batsatsashvili, K., Kikvidze, Z., Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., Khutsishvili, M., Maisaia, I., Sikharulidze, S., & Tchelidze, D. (2020). Vaccinium arctostaphylos L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium oxycoccus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae). In: Batsatsashvili, K., Kikvidze, Z., & Bussmann, R. (Eds.). Ethnobotany of the mountain regions of Far Eastern Europe. Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer, Cham. Pp. 1–11.
Chevaux, L., Mårell, A., Baltzinger, C., Boulanger, V., Cadet, S., Chevalier, R., Debaive, N., Dumas, Y., Gosselin, M., Gosselin, F., Rocquencourt, A., & Paillet, Y. (2022). Effects of stand structure and ungulates on understory vegetation in managed and unmanaged forests. Ecological Applications, 32(3), e2531.
Colak, A. M., Kupe, M., Bozhuyuk, M. R., Ercisli, S., & Gundogdu, M. (2018). Identification of some fruit characteristics in wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) accessions from Eastern Anatolia. Gesunde Pflanzen, 70(1), 31–38.
Coldea, G., & Cristea, V. (2022). Description of the plant associations distinguished in the Retezat National Park. In: Pedrotti, F. (Ed.). The vascular plant communities of the Retezat National Park (Southern Carpathians). Springer, Cham. Pp. 85–245.
Didukh, Y. P. (2011). The ecological scales for the species of Ukrainian flora and their use in synphytoindication. Phytosociocentre, Kyiv.
Dobrucka, R. (2018). Biofabrication of Au–Pt nanoparticles using Asarum europaeum extract and evaluation of their activity in degradation of organic dyes. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 28, 1953–1961.
Estiarte, M., Campioli, M., Mayol, M., & Penuelas, J. (2023). Variability and limits of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption during foliar senescence. Plant Communication, 4(2), 100503.
Estrada-Villegas, S., Hall, J. S., van Breugel, M., & Schnitzer, S. A. (2020). Lianas reduce biomass accumulation in early successional tropical forests. Ecology, 101(5), e02989.
Evseev, R. A., Blinova, I. A., & Tarasova, E. M. (2008). Izuchenie i sravnenie adaptacii nemoral’nykh i tajozhnykh rastenij [Study and comparison of the adaptation of nemoral and taiga plants]. In: Ashikhmina, T. Y. (Ed.). Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Department of Chemistry of Vyatka State Humanitarian University. O-Kratkoe, Kirov. Pp. 73–74. (in Russian).
Fowler, S., Rush, R., & Wise, J. (2013). Concepts of biology. OpenStax College, Rice University, Houston.
Gillet, F., Murisier, B., Buttler, A., Gallandat, J. D., & Gobat, J. M. (1999). Influence of tree cover on the diversity of herbaceous communities in subalpine wooded pastures. Applied Vegetation Science, 2(1), 47–54.
Grabska, E., & Socha, J. (2021). Evaluating the effect of stand properties and site conditions on the forest reflectance from Sentinel-2 time series. PLoS One, 16(3), e0248459.
Haggerty, C. J. E., Crisman, T. L., & Rohr, J. R. (2019). Effects of forestry-driven changes to groundcover and soil moisture on amphibian desiccation, dispersal, and survival. Ecological Applications, 29(3), e01870.
Hedwall, P. O., Gustafsson, L., Brunet, J., Lindbladh, M., Axelsson, A. L., & Strengbom, J. (2019). Half a century of multiple anthropogenic stressors has altered northern forest understory plant communities. Ecological Applications, 29(4), e01874.
Helbach, J., Frey, J., Messier, C., Mörsdorf, M., & Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (2022). Light heterogeneity affects understory plant species richness in temperate forests supporting the heterogeneity-diversity hypothesis. Ecology and Evolution, 12(2), e8534.
Huber, H., & Hutchings, M. J. (1997). Differential response to shading in orthotropic and plagiotropic shoots of the clonal herb Glechoma hirsuta. Oecologia, 112, 485–491.
Istomina, I. I., Pavlova, M. E., Terekhin, A. A., & Meer, T. P. (2020). Relict floodplain forests as a refuge for rare and protected species within the city. In: Vasenev, V., Dovletyarova, E., Cheng, Z., Valentini, R., & Calfapietra, C. (Eds.). Green technologies and infrastructure to enhance urban ecosystem services. Springer, Cham. Pp. 163–172.
Korablev, A. P. (2018). Determinanty napochvennogo pokrova v nemoral’nykh el’nikakh (Picea abies L.) Centralno-Lesnogo Zapovednika [Determinants of ground cover in submontane spruce forests (Picea abies L.) of the Central Forest Reserve]. Vestnik Tverskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Series Biology and Ecology, 4, 118–125 (in Russian).
Kovalenko, I. M. (2015). Ekolohija roslyn nyzhnikh yarusiv lisovykh ekosystem [Ecology of plants of the lower tiers of forest ecosystems]. University Book, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
Kovalenko, I. M. (2018). Lisova ekolohijia z osnovamy lisovidnovlennia ta lisorozvedennia [Forest ecology with fundamentals of reforestation and afforestation]. University Book, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
Kriššáková, Z., Čierniková, M., Vykouková, I., Hrabovský, A., Masarovičová, E., & Beracko, P. (2023). Functional traits of medicinal plant species under different ecological conditions. Biologia, 78, 925–935.
Kubov, M., Schieber, B., & Janík, R. (2019). Seasonal dynamics of macronutrients in aboveground biomass of two herb-layer species in a beech forest. Biologia, 74, 1415–1424.
Long, J., Tang, M., & Chen, G. (2021). Influence of strata-specific forest structural features on the regeneration of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tianmu Mountain. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247339.
Lu, Q. X., Gao, J., Wu, J. J., Zhou, X., Wu, X., Li, M.-D., Wei, Y.-K., Wang, R.-H., Qi, Z.-C., & Liet, P. (2020). Development of 19 novel microsatellite markers of lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria, Asparagaceae) from transcriptome sequencing. Molecular Biology Reports, 47, 3041–3047.
Michalet, R., Delerue, F., & Liancourt, P. (2023). Disentangling the effects of biomass and productivity in plant competition. Ecology, 104(1), e3851.
Muzichenko, O. S. (2016). Stan populiatsiji konvaliji zvychajnoji (Convallaria majalis L.) v umovakh suhrudiv Kivertsivskoho lishospu Volynskoji oblasti [State of the Convallaria majalis L. population in the conditions of the Kivertsivsky Forestry of the Volyn Region]. Human and Environment, Problems of Neoecology, 26, 75–82 (in Ukrainian).
Oliynyk, V. S., & Viter, R. M. (2011). Dendrology. Symfoniia forte, Ivano-Frankivsk (in Ukrainian).
Omodior, O., Eze, P., & Anderson, K. R. (2021). Using i-tree canopy vegetation cover subtype classification to predict peri-domestic tick presence. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, 12(3), 101684.
Onyshchenko, V. A., & Yuhlichek, L. S. (2010). Florystychna klasyfikatsija lisovoji roslynnosti [Floristic classification of forest vegetation]. In: Andrienko, T. L. (Ed.). Nature of the unique region – Small Polissia. Publishers of V. S. Moshynskyi, Kamianets-Podils’kyj (in Ukrainian).
Pairo, P. E., Rodriguez, E. E., Bellocq, M. I., & Aceñolaza, P. G. (2021). Changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of plants in a chronosequence of Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10768.
Peng, M. H., Hung, Y. C., Liu, K. L., & Neoh, K. B. (2020). Landscape configuration and habitat complexity shape arthropod assemblage in urban parks. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16043.
Penkovska, L. V. (2018). Analiz ontohenetychnoji struktury tsenopopuliatsiji Convallaria majalis L. v umovakh Yampilskoho rajonu Sumskoji oblasti [Analysis of ontogenetic structure of Convallaria majalis L. cenopopulations in the conditions of the Yamnyl’skyj District of the Sumy Region]. In: Sidorovich, M. M. (Ed.). Ecological research in higher educational institutions. Vyshemyrsky, Kherson. Pp. 150–152 (in Ukrainian).
Rakutko, E. N., Ilyin, A. A., Starkov, V. S., Kirillov, V. S., & Petrenk, A. V. (2018). Vlijanie urovnia osveshennosti na fluktuirujushuju asimmetriju bilateral’nykh priznakov list’ev snyti obyknovennoj (Aegopodium podagraria L.) [The influence of light intensity on the fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral leaf traits of Aegopodium podagraria L.]. AgroEcEngineering, 94, 13–22 (in Russian).
Reese, N. R., Lau, M. K., Michalet, R., Williams, C. B., & Whitham, T. G. (2022). Tree genotypes affect rock lichens and understory plants: Examples of trophic-independent interactions. Ecology, 103(2), e03589.
Saulino, L., Rita, A., Allegrezza, M., Zotti, M., Mogavero, V., Tesei, G., Montecchiari, S., Allevato, E., Borghetti, M., Bonanomi, G., & Saracino, A. (2022). Clonality drives structural patterns and shapes the community assemblage of the Mediterranean Fagus sylvatica subalpine belt. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 947166.
Schönbeck, L., Li, M. H., Lehmann, M. M., Rigling, A., Schaub, M., Hoch, G., Kahmen, A., & Gessler, A. (2021). Soil nutrient availability alters tree carbon allocation dynamics during drought. Tree Physiology, 41(5), 697–707.
Shary, P. A., Sharaya, L. S., Ivanova, A. V., Kostina, N. V., & Rosenberg, G. S. (2017). Vliyanie solnechnoj energii i somknutosti kron derev’ev na bogatstvo vidov travianistoj rastitel’nosti juga Lesostepi [The influence of solar energy and crown closure of trees on species richness of herbaceous vegetation in the Southern Forest-Steppe]. Siberian Journal of Ecology, 24(5), 539–552 (in Russian).
Sher, H., Bussmann, R. W., Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., & Ur Rahman, I. (2021). Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. Apiaceae. In: Kunwar, R. M., Sher, H., Bussmann, R. W. (Eds.). Ethnobotany of the Himalayas. Springer, Cham. Pp. 161–162.
Shlapak, V. P., Adamenko, S. A., Kozachenko, I. V., & Kurka, S. S. (2019). Ekolohija lisiv [Ecology of forests]. Vizavi, Uman (in Ukrainian).
Szöke, É., Kéry, Á., & Lemberkovics, É. (2023). From herbs to healing. Springer, Cham.
Tatarnikov, D. V. (2017). Transformacija trav’yano-kustarnichkovogo i mohovogo pokrova v rezul’tate obrazovanija somknutogo jarusa eli pod pologom yuzhnotaezhnykh berezniakov [Transformation of herb-shrub and moss cover due to the formation of a closed canopy layer of spruce under the canopy of southern taiga birch forests]. Coniferous Forests of the Boreal Zone, 35(3–4), 47–52 (in Russian).
Thyroff, E. C., Burney, O. T., Mickelbart, M. V., & Jacobs, D. F. (2019). Unraveling shade tolerance and plasticity of semi-evergreen oaks: Insights from maritime forest live oak restoration. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1526.
Wang, G., Sun, Y., Zhou, M., Guan, N., Wang, Y., Jiang, R., Liu, Z., Wu, M., & Xia, F. (2021). Effect of thinning intensity on understory herbaceous diversity and biomass in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Changbai Mountain. Forest Ecosystems, 8, 53.
Wu, X., Cao, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, M., Zhang, H., Wu, P., & Ma, X. (2023). Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates release in Chinese fir topsoil and canopy litter at different altitudes. Plants, 12(4), 729.
Yang, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, B., & Liu, Y. (2022). Atlas of rangeland plants in Hulun Buir. Springer, Cham.
Zhang, J., Ge, J., Dayananda, B., & Li, J. (2022). Effect of light intensities on the photosynthesis, growth, and physiological performances of two maple species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 999026.
Zhi, K. X., Guan, X., Li, R. S., Wang, J., Duan, X., Chen, B. H., Zhang, W. D., & Yang, Q. P. (2023). Responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of understory plants to microscale soil nutrient heterogeneity in Chinese fir plantation. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 34(5), 1187–1193.
Zhu, F., & Cheng, J. (2022). Comparison of the effects of litter decomposition process on soil erosion under simulated rainfall. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20929.
Zlobin, Y. A., Sklyar, V. G., & Klymenko, H. O. (2022). Biolohija ta ekolohija fitopopuliatsiji [Biology and ecology of phytopopulations]. University Book, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
Andrushchenko, O. P., Rumyantsev, M. G., & Bondar, O. B. (2018). Zhyvyj nadgruntovyj pokryv u pryrodnykh dubovykh nasadzhenniakh Pivdenno-Skhidnoho Lisostepu Ukrajiny [Living ground cover in natural oak plantations of the South-Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine]. Forestry and Forest Melioration, 133, 3–9 (in Ukrainian).
Baranova, T. Y., & Kurinskaya, N. V. (2013). Vlijanie svetovogo rezhima na produktivnost’ i sezonnoe razvitie Convallaria majalis v dubravakh Srednego Dona [Influence of light conditions on the productivity and seasonal development of Convallaria majalis in oak forests of the Middle Don]. Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. North Caucasus Region. Natural Sciences, 175(3), 50–52 (in Russian).
Bierza, K. (2022). Metal accumulation and functional traits of Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt in acid beech forests differing with pollution level. Water Air Soil Pollution, 233, 60.
Bussmann, R. W., Batsatsashvili, K., Kikvidze, Z., Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., Khutsishvili, M., Maisaia, I., Sikharulidze, S., & Tchelidze, D. (2020). Vaccinium arctostaphylos L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium oxycoccus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae). In: Batsatsashvili, K., Kikvidze, Z., & Bussmann, R. (Eds.). Ethnobotany of the mountain regions of Far Eastern Europe. Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer, Cham. Pp. 1–11.
Chevaux, L., Mårell, A., Baltzinger, C., Boulanger, V., Cadet, S., Chevalier, R., Debaive, N., Dumas, Y., Gosselin, M., Gosselin, F., Rocquencourt, A., & Paillet, Y. (2022). Effects of stand structure and ungulates on understory vegetation in managed and unmanaged forests. Ecological Applications, 32(3), e2531.
Colak, A. M., Kupe, M., Bozhuyuk, M. R., Ercisli, S., & Gundogdu, M. (2018). Identification of some fruit characteristics in wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) accessions from Eastern Anatolia. Gesunde Pflanzen, 70(1), 31–38.
Coldea, G., & Cristea, V. (2022). Description of the plant associations distinguished in the Retezat National Park. In: Pedrotti, F. (Ed.). The vascular plant communities of the Retezat National Park (Southern Carpathians). Springer, Cham. Pp. 85–245.
Didukh, Y. P. (2011). The ecological scales for the species of Ukrainian flora and their use in synphytoindication. Phytosociocentre, Kyiv.
Dobrucka, R. (2018). Biofabrication of Au–Pt nanoparticles using Asarum europaeum extract and evaluation of their activity in degradation of organic dyes. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 28, 1953–1961.
Estiarte, M., Campioli, M., Mayol, M., & Penuelas, J. (2023). Variability and limits of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption during foliar senescence. Plant Communication, 4(2), 100503.
Estrada-Villegas, S., Hall, J. S., van Breugel, M., & Schnitzer, S. A. (2020). Lianas reduce biomass accumulation in early successional tropical forests. Ecology, 101(5), e02989.
Evseev, R. A., Blinova, I. A., & Tarasova, E. M. (2008). Izuchenie i sravnenie adaptacii nemoral’nykh i tajozhnykh rastenij [Study and comparison of the adaptation of nemoral and taiga plants]. In: Ashikhmina, T. Y. (Ed.). Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Department of Chemistry of Vyatka State Humanitarian University. O-Kratkoe, Kirov. Pp. 73–74. (in Russian).
Fowler, S., Rush, R., & Wise, J. (2013). Concepts of biology. OpenStax College, Rice University, Houston.
Gillet, F., Murisier, B., Buttler, A., Gallandat, J. D., & Gobat, J. M. (1999). Influence of tree cover on the diversity of herbaceous communities in subalpine wooded pastures. Applied Vegetation Science, 2(1), 47–54.
Grabska, E., & Socha, J. (2021). Evaluating the effect of stand properties and site conditions on the forest reflectance from Sentinel-2 time series. PLoS One, 16(3), e0248459.
Haggerty, C. J. E., Crisman, T. L., & Rohr, J. R. (2019). Effects of forestry-driven changes to groundcover and soil moisture on amphibian desiccation, dispersal, and survival. Ecological Applications, 29(3), e01870.
Hedwall, P. O., Gustafsson, L., Brunet, J., Lindbladh, M., Axelsson, A. L., & Strengbom, J. (2019). Half a century of multiple anthropogenic stressors has altered northern forest understory plant communities. Ecological Applications, 29(4), e01874.
Helbach, J., Frey, J., Messier, C., Mörsdorf, M., & Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (2022). Light heterogeneity affects understory plant species richness in temperate forests supporting the heterogeneity-diversity hypothesis. Ecology and Evolution, 12(2), e8534.
Huber, H., & Hutchings, M. J. (1997). Differential response to shading in orthotropic and plagiotropic shoots of the clonal herb Glechoma hirsuta. Oecologia, 112, 485–491.
Istomina, I. I., Pavlova, M. E., Terekhin, A. A., & Meer, T. P. (2020). Relict floodplain forests as a refuge for rare and protected species within the city. In: Vasenev, V., Dovletyarova, E., Cheng, Z., Valentini, R., & Calfapietra, C. (Eds.). Green technologies and infrastructure to enhance urban ecosystem services. Springer, Cham. Pp. 163–172.
Korablev, A. P. (2018). Determinanty napochvennogo pokrova v nemoral’nykh el’nikakh (Picea abies L.) Centralno-Lesnogo Zapovednika [Determinants of ground cover in submontane spruce forests (Picea abies L.) of the Central Forest Reserve]. Vestnik Tverskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Series Biology and Ecology, 4, 118–125 (in Russian).
Kovalenko, I. M. (2015). Ekolohija roslyn nyzhnikh yarusiv lisovykh ekosystem [Ecology of plants of the lower tiers of forest ecosystems]. University Book, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
Kovalenko, I. M. (2018). Lisova ekolohijia z osnovamy lisovidnovlennia ta lisorozvedennia [Forest ecology with fundamentals of reforestation and afforestation]. University Book, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
Kriššáková, Z., Čierniková, M., Vykouková, I., Hrabovský, A., Masarovičová, E., & Beracko, P. (2023). Functional traits of medicinal plant species under different ecological conditions. Biologia, 78, 925–935.
Kubov, M., Schieber, B., & Janík, R. (2019). Seasonal dynamics of macronutrients in aboveground biomass of two herb-layer species in a beech forest. Biologia, 74, 1415–1424.
Long, J., Tang, M., & Chen, G. (2021). Influence of strata-specific forest structural features on the regeneration of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tianmu Mountain. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247339.
Lu, Q. X., Gao, J., Wu, J. J., Zhou, X., Wu, X., Li, M.-D., Wei, Y.-K., Wang, R.-H., Qi, Z.-C., & Liet, P. (2020). Development of 19 novel microsatellite markers of lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria, Asparagaceae) from transcriptome sequencing. Molecular Biology Reports, 47, 3041–3047.
Michalet, R., Delerue, F., & Liancourt, P. (2023). Disentangling the effects of biomass and productivity in plant competition. Ecology, 104(1), e3851.
Muzichenko, O. S. (2016). Stan populiatsiji konvaliji zvychajnoji (Convallaria majalis L.) v umovakh suhrudiv Kivertsivskoho lishospu Volynskoji oblasti [State of the Convallaria majalis L. population in the conditions of the Kivertsivsky Forestry of the Volyn Region]. Human and Environment, Problems of Neoecology, 26, 75–82 (in Ukrainian).
Oliynyk, V. S., & Viter, R. M. (2011). Dendrology. Symfoniia forte, Ivano-Frankivsk (in Ukrainian).
Omodior, O., Eze, P., & Anderson, K. R. (2021). Using i-tree canopy vegetation cover subtype classification to predict peri-domestic tick presence. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, 12(3), 101684.
Onyshchenko, V. A., & Yuhlichek, L. S. (2010). Florystychna klasyfikatsija lisovoji roslynnosti [Floristic classification of forest vegetation]. In: Andrienko, T. L. (Ed.). Nature of the unique region – Small Polissia. Publishers of V. S. Moshynskyi, Kamianets-Podils’kyj (in Ukrainian).
Pairo, P. E., Rodriguez, E. E., Bellocq, M. I., & Aceñolaza, P. G. (2021). Changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of plants in a chronosequence of Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10768.
Peng, M. H., Hung, Y. C., Liu, K. L., & Neoh, K. B. (2020). Landscape configuration and habitat complexity shape arthropod assemblage in urban parks. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16043.
Penkovska, L. V. (2018). Analiz ontohenetychnoji struktury tsenopopuliatsiji Convallaria majalis L. v umovakh Yampilskoho rajonu Sumskoji oblasti [Analysis of ontogenetic structure of Convallaria majalis L. cenopopulations in the conditions of the Yamnyl’skyj District of the Sumy Region]. In: Sidorovich, M. M. (Ed.). Ecological research in higher educational institutions. Vyshemyrsky, Kherson. Pp. 150–152 (in Ukrainian).
Rakutko, E. N., Ilyin, A. A., Starkov, V. S., Kirillov, V. S., & Petrenk, A. V. (2018). Vlijanie urovnia osveshennosti na fluktuirujushuju asimmetriju bilateral’nykh priznakov list’ev snyti obyknovennoj (Aegopodium podagraria L.) [The influence of light intensity on the fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral leaf traits of Aegopodium podagraria L.]. AgroEcEngineering, 94, 13–22 (in Russian).
Reese, N. R., Lau, M. K., Michalet, R., Williams, C. B., & Whitham, T. G. (2022). Tree genotypes affect rock lichens and understory plants: Examples of trophic-independent interactions. Ecology, 103(2), e03589.
Saulino, L., Rita, A., Allegrezza, M., Zotti, M., Mogavero, V., Tesei, G., Montecchiari, S., Allevato, E., Borghetti, M., Bonanomi, G., & Saracino, A. (2022). Clonality drives structural patterns and shapes the community assemblage of the Mediterranean Fagus sylvatica subalpine belt. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 947166.
Schönbeck, L., Li, M. H., Lehmann, M. M., Rigling, A., Schaub, M., Hoch, G., Kahmen, A., & Gessler, A. (2021). Soil nutrient availability alters tree carbon allocation dynamics during drought. Tree Physiology, 41(5), 697–707.
Shary, P. A., Sharaya, L. S., Ivanova, A. V., Kostina, N. V., & Rosenberg, G. S. (2017). Vliyanie solnechnoj energii i somknutosti kron derev’ev na bogatstvo vidov travianistoj rastitel’nosti juga Lesostepi [The influence of solar energy and crown closure of trees on species richness of herbaceous vegetation in the Southern Forest-Steppe]. Siberian Journal of Ecology, 24(5), 539–552 (in Russian).
Sher, H., Bussmann, R. W., Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., & Ur Rahman, I. (2021). Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. Apiaceae. In: Kunwar, R. M., Sher, H., Bussmann, R. W. (Eds.). Ethnobotany of the Himalayas. Springer, Cham. Pp. 161–162.
Shlapak, V. P., Adamenko, S. A., Kozachenko, I. V., & Kurka, S. S. (2019). Ekolohija lisiv [Ecology of forests]. Vizavi, Uman (in Ukrainian).
Szöke, É., Kéry, Á., & Lemberkovics, É. (2023). From herbs to healing. Springer, Cham.
Tatarnikov, D. V. (2017). Transformacija trav’yano-kustarnichkovogo i mohovogo pokrova v rezul’tate obrazovanija somknutogo jarusa eli pod pologom yuzhnotaezhnykh berezniakov [Transformation of herb-shrub and moss cover due to the formation of a closed canopy layer of spruce under the canopy of southern taiga birch forests]. Coniferous Forests of the Boreal Zone, 35(3–4), 47–52 (in Russian).
Thyroff, E. C., Burney, O. T., Mickelbart, M. V., & Jacobs, D. F. (2019). Unraveling shade tolerance and plasticity of semi-evergreen oaks: Insights from maritime forest live oak restoration. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1526.
Wang, G., Sun, Y., Zhou, M., Guan, N., Wang, Y., Jiang, R., Liu, Z., Wu, M., & Xia, F. (2021). Effect of thinning intensity on understory herbaceous diversity and biomass in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Changbai Mountain. Forest Ecosystems, 8, 53.
Wu, X., Cao, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, M., Zhang, H., Wu, P., & Ma, X. (2023). Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates release in Chinese fir topsoil and canopy litter at different altitudes. Plants, 12(4), 729.
Yang, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, B., & Liu, Y. (2022). Atlas of rangeland plants in Hulun Buir. Springer, Cham.
Zhang, J., Ge, J., Dayananda, B., & Li, J. (2022). Effect of light intensities on the photosynthesis, growth, and physiological performances of two maple species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 999026.
Zhi, K. X., Guan, X., Li, R. S., Wang, J., Duan, X., Chen, B. H., Zhang, W. D., & Yang, Q. P. (2023). Responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of understory plants to microscale soil nutrient heterogeneity in Chinese fir plantation. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 34(5), 1187–1193.
Zhu, F., & Cheng, J. (2022). Comparison of the effects of litter decomposition process on soil erosion under simulated rainfall. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20929.
Zlobin, Y. A., Sklyar, V. G., & Klymenko, H. O. (2022). Biolohija ta ekolohija fitopopuliatsiji [Biology and ecology of phytopopulations]. University Book, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
Published
2023-08-12
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
