Analysis of polymorphism and development of a molecular-genetic system for genotyp-ing by the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene
Keywords:
telomerase reverse transcriptase; single nucleotide polymorphism; genetic marker; polymerase chain reaction; phylogenetics; bioinformatics; marker-associated selection
Abstract
This article explores the genetic variability of the gene that encodes telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which plays a key role in maintaining telomere length and, as a result, genome stability in various eukaryotic species. The study employs a comprehensive approach that combines phylogenetic and bioinformatic analysis with molecular-genetic research methods. The research involved the screening of genetic databases to investigate TERT gene orthologues across organisms belonging to different systematic groups. The TERT gene, which is prevalent in a wide range of eukaryotic biological species, exhibits polymorphisms that have the potential to influence TERT enzyme function and, consequently, animal phenotypes. The primary focus of this study centers on the pig TERT gene, selected as a model organism due to its genetic similarity to humans and its importance as a productive agricultural species. The article explores the exon-intron structure of the TERT gene, analyzing the size of the corresponding transcript and protein product. Furthermore, it provides data on polymorphisms in the pig TERT gene, including missense and synonymous variants. The chromosomal localization of these polymorphisms is characterized and correlated with the domain structure of the TERT enzyme. For the evaluation of the impact of polymorphisms on the structural and functional properties of the TERT enzyme, a molecular-genetic system based on the PCR-RFLP method has been developed. This PCR-RFLP system serves as a basis for subsequent experimental analyses of missense and synonymous variants in population and association studies, allowing for an assessment of the prevalence of these polymorphisms and their significance for animal phenotypes. Given the significance of further laboratory investigation of the pig TERT gene, the developed PCR-RFLP system becomes necessary for the assessment of the functional implications of the polymorphisms within this gene and the potential identification of causative ones among them. The synergy of bioinformatics and molecular-genetic methods in this study lays the groundwork for future impactful research in this field. The presented study holds promise for marker-associated selection, as it opens the way for the use of the TERT gene as a marker in the genetic improvement of agricultural animal species.References
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Lorenz, T. C. (2012). Polymerase chain reaction: Basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 63, e3998.
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Peka, M., Balatsky, V., Saienko, A., & Tsereniuk, O. (2023). Bioinformatic analysis of the effect of SNPs in the pig TERT gene on the structural and functional characteristics of the enzyme to develop new genetic markers of productivity traits. BMC Genomics, 24(1), 487.
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Russo, V., Berardinelli, P., Martelli, A., Di Giacinto, O., Nardinocchi, D., Fantasia, D., & Barboni, B. (2006). Expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (TERT) and telomere sizing in pig ovarian follicles. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 54(4), 443–455.
Schrumpfová, P. P., & Fajkus, J. (2020). Composition and function of telomerase – a polymerase associated with the origin of eukaryotes. Biomolecules, 10(10), 1425.
Seeker, L. A., Ilska, J. J., Psifidi, A., Wilbourn, R. V., Underwood, S. L., Fairlie, J., Holland, R., Froy, H., Salvo-Chirnside, E., Bagnall, A., Whitelaw, B., Coffey, M. P., Nussey, D. H., & Banos, G. (2018). Bovine telomere dynamics and the association between telomere length and productive lifespan. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 12748.
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Steri, M., Idda, M. L., Whalen, M. B., & Orrù, V. (2018). Genetic variants in mRNA untranslated regions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, RNA, 9(4), e1474.
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Tong, Y., Xiang, Y., Li, B., Bao, S., Zhou, Y., Yuan, W., Ling, Y., Hao, D., Zhu, H., & Sun, Z. (2020). Association between TERT gene polymorphisms and acute myeloid leukemia susceptibility in a Chinese population: A case-control study. Cancer Cell International, 20, 313.
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Albert, P. R. (2011). What is a functional genetic polymorphism? Defining classes of functionality. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 36(6), 363–365.
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403–410.
Argyle, D., Ellsmore, V., Gault, E. A., Munro, A. F., & Nasir, L. (2003). Equine telomeres and telomerase in cellular immortalisation and ageing. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 124(6), 759–764.
Autexier, C., & Lue, N. F. (2006). The structure and function of telomerase reverse transcriptase. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 75, 493–517.
Badmus, K. A., Idrus, Z., Meng, G. Y., Sazili, A. Q., & Mamat-Hamidi, K. (2021). Telomere length and regulatory genes as novel stress biomarkers and their diversities in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) subjected to corticosterone feeding. Animals, 11(10), 2759.
Boratyn, G. M., Camacho, C., Cooper, P. S., Coulouris, G., Fong, A., Ma, N., Madden, T. L., Matten, W. T., McGinnis, S. D., Merezhuk, Y., Raytselis, Y., Sayers, E. W., Tao, T., Ye, J., & Zaretskaya, I. (2013). BLAST: A more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, W29–W33.
Breslauer, K. J., Frank, R., Blöcker, H., & Marky, L. A. (1986). Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base sequence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 83(11), 3746–3750.
Brown, D. E., Dechow, C. D., Liu, W. S., Harvatine, K. J., & Ott, T. L. (2012). Hot topic: Association of telomere length with age, herd, and culling in lactating Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(11), 6384–6387.
Chakravarti, D., LaBella, K. A., & DePinho, R. A. (2021). Telomeres: History, health, and hallmarks of aging. Cell, 184(2), 306–322.
Dey, A., & Chakrabarti, K. (2018). Current perspectives of telomerase structure and function in eukaryotes with emerging views on telomerase in human parasites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(2), 333.
Dratwa, M., Wysoczańska, B., Butrym, A., Łacina, P., Mazur, G., & Bogunia-Kubik, K. (2021). TERT genetic variability and telomere length as factors affecting survival and risk in acute myeloid leukaemia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23301.
Dugdale, H. L., & Richardson, D. S. (2018). Heritability of telomere variation: It is all about the environment! Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 373(1741), 20160450.
Edgar, R. C. (2004). MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(5), 1792–1797.
Elf, J., Nilsson, D., Tenson, T., & Ehrenberg, M. (2003). Selective charging of tRNA isoacceptors explains patterns of codon usage. Science, 300(5626), 1718–1722.
Fradiani, P. A., Ascenzioni, F., Lavitrano, M., & Donini, P. (2004). Telomeres and telomerase activity in pig tissues. Biochimie, 86(1), 7–12.
Froy, H., Underwood, S. L., Dorrens, J., Seeker, L. A., Watt, K., Wilbourn, R. V., Pilkington, J. G., Harrington, L., Pemberton, J. M., & Nussey, D. H. (2021). Heritable variation in telomere length predicts mortality in Soay sheep. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(15), e2020563118.
Gautam, A. (2022). DNA isolation by chelex method. In: Kalyuzhny, A. E. (Ed.). DNA and RNA isolation techniques for non-experts. Springer, Cham. Pp. 79–84.
Iannuzzi, A., Albarella, S., Parma, P., Galdiero, G., D'Anza, E., Pistucci, R., Peretti, V., & Ciotola, F. (2022). Characterization of telomere length in Agerolese cattle breed, correlating blood and milk samples. Animal Genetics, 53(5), 676–679.
Ilska-Warner, J. J., Psifidi, A., Seeker, L. A., Wilbourn, R. V., Underwood, S. L., Fairlie, J., Whitelaw, B., Nussey, D. H., Coffey, M. P., & Banos, G. (2019). The genetic architecture of bovine telomere length in early life and association with animal fitness. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 1048.
Jones, D. T., Taylor, W. R., & Thornton, J. M. (1992). The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences. Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 8(3), 275–282.
Lansdorp, P. M. (2022). Telomeres, aging, and cancer: The big picture. Blood, 139(6), 813–821.
Lorenz, T. C. (2012). Polymerase chain reaction: Basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 63, e3998.
Lu, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, D., Songyang, Z., & Wan, M. (2013). Telomeres-structure, function, and regulation. Experimental Cell Research, 319(2), 133–141.
Martin, F. J., Amode, M. R., Aneja, A., Austine-Orimoloye, O., Azov, A. G., Barnes, I., Becker, A., Bennett, R., Berry, A., Bhai, J., Bhurji, S. K., Bignell, A., Boddu, S., Branco Lins, P. R., Brooks, L., Ramaraju, S. B., Charkhchi, M., Cockburn, A., Da Rin Fiorretto, L., Davidson, C., Dodiya, K., Donaldson, S., El Houdaigui, B., El Naboulsi, T., Fatima, R., Giron, C. G., Genez, T., Ghattaoraya, G. S., Martinez, J. G., Guijarro, C., Hardy, M., Hollis, Z., Hourlier, T., Hunt, T., Kay, M., Kaykala, V., Le, T., Lemos, D., Marques-Coelho, D., Marugán, J. C., Merino, G. A., Mirabueno, L. P., Mushtaq, A., Hossain, S. N., Ogeh, D. N., Sakthivel, M. P., Parker, A., Perry, M., Piližota, I., Prosovetskaia, I., Pérez-Silva, J. G., Salam, A. I. A., Saraiva-Agostinho, N., Schuilenburg, H., Sheppard, D., Sinha, S., Sipos, B., Stark, W., Steed, E., Sukumaran, R., Sumathipala, D., Suner, M. M., Surapaneni, L., Sutinen, K., Szpak, M., Tricomi, F. F., Urbina-Gómez, D., Veidenberg, A., Walsh, T. A., Walts, B., Wass, E., Willhoft, N., Allen, J., Alvarez-Jarreta, J., Chakiachvili, M., Flint, B., Giorgetti, S., Haggerty, L., Ilsley, G. R., Loveland, J. E., Moore, B., Mudge, J. M., Tate, J., Thybert, D., Trevanion, S. J., Winterbottom, A., Frankish, A., Hunt, S. E., Ruffier, M., Cunningham, F., Dyer, S., Finn, R. D., Howe, K. L., Harrison, P. W., Yates, A. D., Flicek, P. (2023). Ensembl 2023. Nucleic Acids Research, 51(D1), D933–D941.
McAloney, C. A., Silverstein, K. A., Modiano, J. F., & Bagchi, A. (2014). Polymorphisms within the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) in four breeds of dogs selected for difference in lifespan and cancer susceptibility. BMC Veterinary Research, 10, 20.
Monaghan, P., & Ozanne, S. E. (2018). Somatic growth and telomere dynamics in vertebrates: Relationships, mechanisms and consequences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 373(1741), 20160446.
Ota, M., Asamura, H., Oki, T., & Sada, M. (2009). Restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products. In: Komar, A. A. (Ed.). Methods in molecular biology. Clifton, New Jersey. Pp. 405–414.
Peka, M., Balatsky, V., Saienko, A., & Tsereniuk, O. (2023). Bioinformatic analysis of the effect of SNPs in the pig TERT gene on the structural and functional characteristics of the enzyme to develop new genetic markers of productivity traits. BMC Genomics, 24(1), 487.
Podlevsky, J. D., & Chen, J. J. (2016). Evolutionary perspectives of telomerase RNA structure and function. RNA Biology, 13(8), 720–732.
Russo, V., Berardinelli, P., Martelli, A., Di Giacinto, O., Nardinocchi, D., Fantasia, D., & Barboni, B. (2006). Expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (TERT) and telomere sizing in pig ovarian follicles. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 54(4), 443–455.
Schrumpfová, P. P., & Fajkus, J. (2020). Composition and function of telomerase – a polymerase associated with the origin of eukaryotes. Biomolecules, 10(10), 1425.
Seeker, L. A., Ilska, J. J., Psifidi, A., Wilbourn, R. V., Underwood, S. L., Fairlie, J., Holland, R., Froy, H., Salvo-Chirnside, E., Bagnall, A., Whitelaw, B., Coffey, M. P., Nussey, D. H., & Banos, G. (2018). Bovine telomere dynamics and the association between telomere length and productive lifespan. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 12748.
Shay, J. W. (2016). Role of telomeres and telomerase in aging and cancer. Cancer Discovery, 6(6), 584–593.
Steri, M., Idda, M. L., Whalen, M. B., & Orrù, V. (2018). Genetic variants in mRNA untranslated regions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, RNA, 9(4), e1474.
Tamura, K., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2004). Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(30), 11030–11035.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7), 3022–3027.
Tong, Y., Xiang, Y., Li, B., Bao, S., Zhou, Y., Yuan, W., Ling, Y., Hao, D., Zhu, H., & Sun, Z. (2020). Association between TERT gene polymorphisms and acute myeloid leukemia susceptibility in a Chinese population: A case-control study. Cancer Cell International, 20, 313.
Untergasser, A., Nijveen, H., Rao, X., Bisseling, T., Geurts, R., & Leunissen, J. A. (2007). Primer3Plus, an enhanced web interface to Primer3. Nucleic Acids Research, 35, W71–W74.
Vashchenko, P., Saienko, A., Sukhno, V., Tsereniuk, O., Babicz, M., Shkavro, N., Smołucha, G., & Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, I. (2022). Association of NRAMP1 gene polymorphism with the productive traits of the Ukrainian Large White pig. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 78(11), 563–566.
Vincze, T., Posfai, J., & Roberts, R. J. (2003). NEBcutter: A program to cleave DNA with restriction enzymes. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(13), 3688–3691.
Walsh, P. S., Metzger, D. A., & Higushi, R. (2013). Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material. BioTechniques, 54(3), 134–139.
Wang, Y., Sušac, L., & Feigon, J. (2019). Structural biology of telomerase. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 11(12), a032383.
Young, A. J. (2018). The role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of life-history trade-offs and ageing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 373(1741), 20160452.
Ząbek, T. Z., Czapla, P., Wnuk, M., Lewińska, A., Oklejewicz, B., Bartosz, G., & Słota, E. (2012). Genetic structure of Hucul and Anglo-Arabian horses at the TERT locus. Annals of Animal Science, 12(4), 483–494.
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2023-10-25
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