Is there an effect of electromagnetic waves from base stations on the breeding success of Ciconia ciconia ciconia in Algeria?
Keywords:
white stork; mobile phone masts; reproduction; electromagnetic waves
Abstract
New nest supports used by the white stork Ciconia ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1775) are mobile phone network relay antennas, which are not without danger because they emit electromagnetic waves that can have a major, although insidious, impact on the species. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of electromagnetic waves from mobile phone network base stations on white stork reproduction. We monitored the breeding phenology of the storks as a function of the distance of their nests from the base stations over 2 consecutive seasons, 2020 and 2021. The work took place in the North-East of Algeria, in Annaba and El-Tarf provinces. The nests were counted and divided into 3 distinct groups. The first is located on the relay antennae, the second less than 200 m and the third more than 300 m from the antennae. We calculated nest occupancy, number of young in the nest and number of nests without young. The results show that nests located directly on base stations have a reduced clutch size, not exceeding two storks and a low reproductive success since the majority of nests (51.9%) remained without young. The number of young storks tends to increase in nests far from base stations. Broods with 3 and 4 young are generally those located more than 300 m from relay antennas.References
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Bahaodini, A., Owjfard, M., Tamadon, A., & Jafari, S. M. (2015). Low frequency electromagnetic fields long-term exposure effects on testicular histology, sperm quality and testosterone levels of male rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 4(3), 195–200.
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Balmori, A. (2009). The incidence of electromagnetic pollution on wild mammals: A new “poison” with a slow effect on nature? The Environmentalist, 30(1), 90–97.
Balmori, A., & Hallberg, Ö. (2007). The urban decline of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus): A possible link with electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 26(2), 141–151.
Batellier, F., Couty, I., Picard, D., & Brillard, J. P. (2008). Effects of exposing chicken eggs to a cell phone in “call” position over the entire incubation period. Theriogenology, 69(6), 737–745.
Benharzallah, N., Si Bachir, A., Taleb, F., & Barbraud, C. (2015). Factors affecting growth parameters of white stork nestlings in Eastern Algeria. Journal of Ornithology, 156(3), 601–612.
Bouriach, M., Samraoui, F., Souilah, R., Houma, I., Razkallah, I., Alfarhan, A. H., & Samraoui, B. (2015). Does core-periphery gradient determine breeding performance in a breeding colony of white storks Ciconia ciconia? Acta Ornithologica, 50(2), 149–156.
Chenchouni, H., Bachir, A. S., & AlRashidi, M. (2015). Trophic niche and feeding strategy of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) during different phases of the breeding season. Avian Biology Research, 8(1), 1–13.
Cheriak, L., Barbraud, C., Doumandji, S., & Bouguessa, S. (2014). Diet variability in the white stork Ciconia ciconia in Eastern Algeria. Ostrich, 85(2), 201–204.
Chin, J., & Rajermani, T. (2021). The usage of mobile phone user during Covid-19 pandemic. Inti Journal, 2021, 4.
Choudhary, S., Chauhan, N. P. S., & Kalsi, R. (2020). Finding clues in cities: Nest site selection by house sparrows across a varied habitat matrixin Delhi, India. Current Science, 118(8), 1304–1309.
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Cucurachi, S., Tamis, W. L. M., Vijver, M. G., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., Bolte, J. F. B., & de Snoo, G. R. (2013). A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Environment International, 51, 116–140.
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Ghanbari, M., Mortazavi, S. B., Khavanin, A., & Khazaei, M. (2013). The effects of cell phone waves (900 MHz-GSM band) on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in rats. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, 7(1), 21–28.
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Magras, I. N., & Xenos, T. D. (1997). RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics, 18(6), 455–461.
Mammeria, A. B., Triplet, P., & Bitam, I. (2019). The white stork Ciconia ciconia in the northeast of Algeria, and its relation with climatic change between 1996 and 2014. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 216, 165–170.
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Moali-Grine, N., Moali, L., & Moali, A. (2013). Distribution and reproductive ecology of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Algeria. Revue d Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), 68(1), 59–69.
Otto, M., & von Mühlendahl, K. E. (2007). Electromagnetic fields (EMF): Do they play a role in children’s environmental health (CEH)? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 210(5), 635–644.
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Thalau, P., Ritz, T., Burda, H., Wegner, R. E., & Wiltschko, R. (2006). The magnetic compass mechanisms of birds and rodents are based on different physical principles. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 3(9), 583–587.
Tomruk, A., Ozgur-Buyukatalay, E., Ozturk, G. G., & Ulusu, N. N. (2022). Short-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation and metabolic enzymes’ activities during pregnancy and prenatal development. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 41(4), 370–378.
Touati, L., Athamnia, M., Nedjah, R., Boucheker, A., Samraoui, F., El-Serehy, H. A., & Samraoui, B. (2022). Composition and distribution on a host of avian lice of white storks in North-Eastern Algeria. Diversity, 14(2), 77.
Upadhyaya, C., Upadhyaya, T., & Patel, I. (2022). Exposure effects of non-ionizing radiation of radio waves on antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 15(1), 1–10.
Vergara, P., Aguirre, J. I., Fargallo, J. A., & Dávila, J. A. (2006). Nest‐site fidelity and breeding success in white stork Ciconia ciconia. Ibis, 148(4), 672–677.
Waldmann-Selsam, C., Balmori-de la Puente, A., Breunig, H., & Balmori, A. (2016). Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 554–569.
Wdowiak, A., Wdowiak, L., & Wiktor, H. (2007). Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 14(1), 169–172.
Wiltschko, W., & Wiltschko, R. (2001). Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: The behaviour of European robins, Erithacus rubecula, under monochromatic light of various wavelengths and intensities. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204(19), 3295–3302.
Wiltschko, W., Traudt, J., Güntürkün, O., Prior, H., & Wiltschko, R. (2002). Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird. Nature, 419(6906), 467–470.
Zosangzuali, M., Lalremruati, M., Lalmuansangi, C., Nghakliana, F., Pachuau, L., Bandara, P., & Siama, Z. (2021). Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from a mobile phone base station on the redox homeostasis in different organs of Swiss albino mice. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 40(3), 393–407.
Babouri, S., Metallaoui, S., & Heddam, S. (2020). Abundance and spatial distribution of the structure supporting the nest of white stork Ciconia ciconia in Guerbes-Sanhadja Wetland eco-complex, Northeastern of Algeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45974–45982.
Bahaodini, A., Owjfard, M., Tamadon, A., & Jafari, S. M. (2015). Low frequency electromagnetic fields long-term exposure effects on testicular histology, sperm quality and testosterone levels of male rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 4(3), 195–200.
Balmori, A. (2005). Possible effects of electromagnetic fields from phone masts on a population of white stork (Ciconia ciconia). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24(2), 109–119.
Balmori, A. (2009). The incidence of electromagnetic pollution on wild mammals: A new “poison” with a slow effect on nature? The Environmentalist, 30(1), 90–97.
Balmori, A., & Hallberg, Ö. (2007). The urban decline of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus): A possible link with electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 26(2), 141–151.
Batellier, F., Couty, I., Picard, D., & Brillard, J. P. (2008). Effects of exposing chicken eggs to a cell phone in “call” position over the entire incubation period. Theriogenology, 69(6), 737–745.
Benharzallah, N., Si Bachir, A., Taleb, F., & Barbraud, C. (2015). Factors affecting growth parameters of white stork nestlings in Eastern Algeria. Journal of Ornithology, 156(3), 601–612.
Bouriach, M., Samraoui, F., Souilah, R., Houma, I., Razkallah, I., Alfarhan, A. H., & Samraoui, B. (2015). Does core-periphery gradient determine breeding performance in a breeding colony of white storks Ciconia ciconia? Acta Ornithologica, 50(2), 149–156.
Chenchouni, H., Bachir, A. S., & AlRashidi, M. (2015). Trophic niche and feeding strategy of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) during different phases of the breeding season. Avian Biology Research, 8(1), 1–13.
Cheriak, L., Barbraud, C., Doumandji, S., & Bouguessa, S. (2014). Diet variability in the white stork Ciconia ciconia in Eastern Algeria. Ostrich, 85(2), 201–204.
Chin, J., & Rajermani, T. (2021). The usage of mobile phone user during Covid-19 pandemic. Inti Journal, 2021, 4.
Choudhary, S., Chauhan, N. P. S., & Kalsi, R. (2020). Finding clues in cities: Nest site selection by house sparrows across a varied habitat matrixin Delhi, India. Current Science, 118(8), 1304–1309.
Clipper, B. (2020). The influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on technology. Nurse Leader, 18(5), 500–503.
Cucurachi, S., Tamis, W. L. M., Vijver, M. G., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., Bolte, J. F. B., & de Snoo, G. R. (2013). A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Environment International, 51, 116–140.
Everaert, J., & Bauwens, D. (2007). A possible effect of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations on the number of breeding house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 26(1), 63–72.
Ghanbari, M., Mortazavi, S. B., Khavanin, A., & Khazaei, M. (2013). The effects of cell phone waves (900 MHz-GSM band) on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in rats. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, 7(1), 21–28.
Gudmundsson, G. A., & Sandberg, R. (2000). Sanderlings (Calidris alba) have a magnetic compass: Orientation experiments during spring migration in Iceland. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203(20), 3137–3144.
Gyalus, A., Hahn, I., Vizi, B., & Bankovics, A. (2018). Habitat selection of white storks in a heavily urbanized city in Central Europe. Avian Research, 9(1), 28.
Hyland, G. (2000). Physics and biology of mobile telephony. The Lancet, 356(9244), 1833–1836.
Keeton, W. T. (1971). Magnets Interfere with pigeon homing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 68(1), 102–106.
Lázaro, A., Chroni, A., Tscheulin, T., Devalez, J., Matsoukas, C., & Petanidou, T. (2016). Electromagnetic radiation of mobile telecommunication antennas affects the abundance and composition of wild pollinators. Journal of Insect Conservation, 20(2), 315–324.
Lovászi, P., Nagy, K., & Görögh, Z. (2020). Results of national white stork (Ciconia ciconia) census in Hungary in 2019. Ornis Hungarica, 28(1), 1–10.
Magras, I. N., & Xenos, T. D. (1997). RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics, 18(6), 455–461.
Mammeria, A. B., Triplet, P., & Bitam, I. (2019). The white stork Ciconia ciconia in the northeast of Algeria, and its relation with climatic change between 1996 and 2014. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 216, 165–170.
Moali-Grine, N., Moali, A., & Isenmann, P. (2004). L'essor démographique de la cigogne blanche Ciconia ciconia en Algérie entre 1995 et 2001. Alauda, 72(1), 47–52.
Moali-Grine, N., Moali, L., & Moali, A. (2013). Distribution and reproductive ecology of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Algeria. Revue d Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), 68(1), 59–69.
Otto, M., & von Mühlendahl, K. E. (2007). Electromagnetic fields (EMF): Do they play a role in children’s environmental health (CEH)? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 210(5), 635–644.
Stasinopoulou, M., Fragopoulou, A. F., Stamatakis, A., Mantziaras, G., Skouroliakou, K., Papassideri, I. S., Stylianopoulou, F., Lai, H., Kostomitsopoulos, N., & Margaritis, L. H. (2016). Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to 1880–1900 MHz DECT base radiation on development in the rat. Reproductive Toxicology, 65, 248–262.
Thalau, P., Ritz, T., Burda, H., Wegner, R. E., & Wiltschko, R. (2006). The magnetic compass mechanisms of birds and rodents are based on different physical principles. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 3(9), 583–587.
Tomruk, A., Ozgur-Buyukatalay, E., Ozturk, G. G., & Ulusu, N. N. (2022). Short-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation and metabolic enzymes’ activities during pregnancy and prenatal development. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 41(4), 370–378.
Touati, L., Athamnia, M., Nedjah, R., Boucheker, A., Samraoui, F., El-Serehy, H. A., & Samraoui, B. (2022). Composition and distribution on a host of avian lice of white storks in North-Eastern Algeria. Diversity, 14(2), 77.
Upadhyaya, C., Upadhyaya, T., & Patel, I. (2022). Exposure effects of non-ionizing radiation of radio waves on antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 15(1), 1–10.
Vergara, P., Aguirre, J. I., Fargallo, J. A., & Dávila, J. A. (2006). Nest‐site fidelity and breeding success in white stork Ciconia ciconia. Ibis, 148(4), 672–677.
Waldmann-Selsam, C., Balmori-de la Puente, A., Breunig, H., & Balmori, A. (2016). Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 554–569.
Wdowiak, A., Wdowiak, L., & Wiktor, H. (2007). Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 14(1), 169–172.
Wiltschko, W., & Wiltschko, R. (2001). Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: The behaviour of European robins, Erithacus rubecula, under monochromatic light of various wavelengths and intensities. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204(19), 3295–3302.
Wiltschko, W., Traudt, J., Güntürkün, O., Prior, H., & Wiltschko, R. (2002). Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird. Nature, 419(6906), 467–470.
Zosangzuali, M., Lalremruati, M., Lalmuansangi, C., Nghakliana, F., Pachuau, L., Bandara, P., & Siama, Z. (2021). Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from a mobile phone base station on the redox homeostasis in different organs of Swiss albino mice. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 40(3), 393–407.
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2023-11-07
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