Analysis of chosen growth and reproductive traits of manna ash (Fraxinus ornus) with regards to its expansive properties
Keywords:
woody plant; phenology; vegetation period; reproduction; regeneration; spread; expansion
Abstract
Manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) is a Mediterranean shrub or a small tree with the northern limit of its natural range in central Europe. At the same time, it is also a tree species which, due to its considerable tolerance to high temperatures and lack of moisture, as well as some expansive properties, could be expected to increase its range in the coming decades as a result of the changing climate and the associated spontaneous spread. The paper summarizes the results of several years of our research, during which we evaluated the following growth and reproductive characteristics: (1) phenological traits and the length of the growing season, (2) the intensity and evenness of fruiting, and (3) the numbers of individuals and stems according to the height categories. In addition, the species composition of vegetation cover was analysed on the sites with the occurrence of manna ash. Observations were made in two autochthonous populations of manna ash in Southern Slovakia and one allochthonous population in its central region. The onset of spring vegetative and generative phenophases showed a noticeable latitudinal trend during our observations (2015‒2019). In Central Slovakia, flowering and leafing of manna ash occurred on average more than two weeks later than in its southernmost region. The “Central Slovakian” population of manna ash was also characterised by the earliest onset of autumn vegetative phenophases and the lowest total length of the growing season. Despite these trends, flowering and fruiting in this population were relatively regular ‒ in contrast to the other two sites, it was observed every year. In this locality, we also observed the highest total numbers of individuals and stems in all the height categories and the markedly decreased occurrence of competing species. The achieved results point out to the considerable vigour and high reproductive ability of the allochthonous population of manna ash outside its natural range and the natural range of its most important competitors.References
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Baričević, D., & Šapić, I. (2011). Prilog poznavanju sastava i raščlanjenosti šuma hrasta crnike u Istri [A contribution to the knowledge of composition and classification of Holm Oak forests in Istria]. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 32(1), 87‒98 (in Croatian).
Bertin, R. I. (2008). Plant phenology and distribution in relation to recent climate change. Journal of Torrey Botanical Society, 135(1), 126–146.
Bertová, L. (1984). Oleales – olivotvaré [Oleales – olive order]. In: Bertová, L. (Ed.). Flóra Slovenska IV/1. Angiospermophytina. Dicotyledonopsida. Sapindales ‒ Cornales. Veda, Bratislava. Pp. 63–78 (in Slovak).
Bolmgren, K., Eriksson, O., & Linder, H. P. (2003). Contrasting flowering phenology and species richness in abiotically and biotically pollinated angiosperms. Evolution, 57(9), 2001–2011.
Boshier, D., Cordero, J., Harris, S., Pannell, J., Rendell, S., Savill, P., Stewart, J., Cundall, N., Hubert, J., Samuel, S., Eriksen, B., Wallander, E., Martinsson, O., Bellido, J. A., Fayos, P. G., López, R. M., Roldán, M., Verdú, M., Mateu, I., Montilla, A. I., Spanos, K., Kyriakidis, D., Papi, R., Blada, I., Palada, M., Popescu, F., Postolache, D., Čaňová, I., Ďurkovič, J., Gömöry, D., Krajmerová, D., Paule, L., & Slobodník, B. (2005). Ash species in Europe: Biological characteristics and practical guidelines for sustainable use. University of Oxford, Oxford.
Brázdil, R., Budíková, M., Auer, I., Böhm, R., Cegnar, T., Faško, P., Lapin, M., Gajić-Čapka, M., Zaninović, K., Koleva, E., Niedźwiedź, T., Ustrnul, Z., Szalai, S., & Weber, R. O. (1996). Trends of maximum and minimum daily temperatures in Central and South-Eastern Europe. International Journal of Climatology, 16(7), 765–782.
Csontos, P., Tamás, J., & Kalapos, T. (2001). Correlation between age and basal diameter of Fraxinus ornus L. in three ecologically contrasting habitats. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 43(1), 127–136.
De Sillo, R., De Sanctis, M., Bruno, F., & Attorre, F. (2012). Vegetation and landscape of the Simbruini mountains (Central Apennines). Plant Sociology, 49(Suppl.1), 3‒64.
Dommée, B., Geslot, A., Thompson, J. D., Reille, M., & Denelle, N. (1999). Androdioecy in the entomophilous tree Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae). New Phytologist, 143(2), 419–426.
Dostál, F. (1989). Nová květena ČSSR 2 [The new flora of CSSR 2]. Academia, Prague (in Czech).
Feehan, J., Harley, M., & van Minnen, J. (2009). Climate change in Europe. 1. Impact on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(3), 409–421.
Garamvölgyi, Á., & Hufnagel, L. (2013). Impacts of climate change on vegetation distribution. No. 1: Climate change induced vegetation shifts in the palearctic region. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 11(1), 79‒122.
Giovannini, G., Perulli, D., Piussi, P., & Salbitano, F. (1992). Ecology of vegetative regeneration after coppicing in macchia stands in Central Italy. Vegetatio, 99–100, 331–343.
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Hegedüsová, K., & Senko, D. (2011). Successional changes of dry grasslands in Southwestern Slovakia after 46 years of abandonment. Plant Biosystems, 145(3), 666–687.
Kalapos, T., & Csontos, P. (2003). Variation in leaf structure and function of the Mediterranean three Fraxinus ornus L. growing in ecologically contrasting habitats at the margin of its range. Plant Biosystems, 137(1), 73–82.
Labudová, L., Faško, P., & Ivaňáková, G. (2015). Changes in climate and changing climate regions in Slovakia. Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(3), 71–82.
Lapin, M. (2004). Detection of changes in the regime of selected climatological elements at Hurbanovo. Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, 34(2), 169–193.
Machar, I., Voženílek, V., Kirchner, K., Vlčková, V., & Buček, A. (2017). Biogeografický model změn klimatických podmínek vegetační stupňovitosti v Česku [Biogeographic model of climate conditions for vegetation zones in Czechia]. Geografie, 122(1), 64‒82 (in Czech).
Manica, M., & Slobodník, B. (2008). Poznámky k výskytu a rozšíreniu jaseňov (Fraxinus L.) na Slovensku [Notes on the occurrence and distribution of ashes (Fraxinus L.) in Slovakia]. Acta Facultatis Ecologiae Zvolen, 18, 35–46 (in Slovak).
Morellato, L. P. C., Alberton, B., Alvarado, S. T., Borges, B., Buisson, E., Camargo, M. G. G., Cancian, L. F., Cartensen, D. W., Escobar, D. F. E., Leite, P. T. P., Mendoza, I., Rocha, N. M. W. B., Soares, N. C., Silva, T. S. F., Staggemeier, V. G., Streher, A. S., Vargas, B. C., & Peres, C. A. (2016). Linking plant phenology to conservation biology. Biological Conservation, 195, 60–72.
Piškur, M. (1999). Razširjenost in rastne značilnosti malega jasena (Fraxinus ornus L.) v Sloveniji [Occurrence and growth properties of manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) in Slovenia]. Gozdarski Vestnik, 57(10), 419–434 (in Slovenian).
Richardson, D. M., Holmes, P. M., Esler, K. J., Galatowitsch, S. M., Stromberg, J. C., Kirkman, S. P., Pyšek, P., & Hobbs, R. J. (2007). Riparian vegetation: Degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Diversity and Distributions, 13(1), 126–139.
Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (1984). Návod pre fenologické pozorovanie lesných rastlín [Manual for the phenological observation of forest plants]. Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava (in Slovak).
Tapper, P. G. (1992). Irregular fruiting in Fraxinus excelsior. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3(1), 41–46.
Tapper, P. G. (1996). Long-term patterns of mast fruiting in Fraxinus excelsior. Ecology, 77(8), 2567–2572.
Thébaud, C., & Debussche, M. (1991). Rapid invasion of Fraxinus ornus L. along the Hérault River system in Southern France: The importance of seed dispersal by water. Journal of Biogeography, 18(1), 7–12.
Verdú, M., Montilla, A. I., & Pannell, J. R. (2004). Paternal effects on functional gender account for cryptic dioecy in a perennial plant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B – Biological Sciences, 271(1552), 2017–2023.
Verdú, M., Spanos, K., Čaňová, I., Slobodník, B., & Paule, L. (2007). Similar gender dimorphism in the costs of reproduction across the geographic range of Fraxinus ornus. Annals of Botany, 99(1), 183–191.
Wallander, E. (2001). Evolution of wind-pollination in Fraxinus (Oleaceae) – an ecophylogenetic approach. Göteborg University, Göteborg.
Wallnofer, S., Mennel, L., Zimmermann, J., & Zimmermann, S. (2008). Das isolierte Vorkommen von Fraxinus ornus bei Zirl (Nordtirol, Österreich): Soziologische Bindung der Art und Beschreibung der Pflanzengesellschaften [The isolated occurrence of Fraxinus ornus near Zirl (North Tyrol, Austria): Sociological behaviour of the species and description of the plant communities]. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Österreich, 145, 49–64 (in German).
Walther, G. R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J. C., Fromentin, J. M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bairlein F. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416(6879), 389–395.
Zagas, T., Tsitsoni, T., Ganatsas, P., Tsakaldimi, M., Skotidakis, T., & Zagas, D. (2010). Land reclamation and ecological restoration in a marine area. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(4), 673‒680.
Armiraglio, S., Verde, S., Ghidotti, B., & Andreis, C. (2006). Le pinete a Pinus sylvestris L. delle Prealpi Lombarde orientali (Italia settentrionale): Sintassonomia e significato fitogeografico [Phytogeography and syntaxonomy of Scotch Pine woods in the eastern Lombardy Pre-Alps]. Fitosociologia, 43(2), 41‒57 (in Italian).
Baričević, D., & Šapić, I. (2011). Prilog poznavanju sastava i raščlanjenosti šuma hrasta crnike u Istri [A contribution to the knowledge of composition and classification of Holm Oak forests in Istria]. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 32(1), 87‒98 (in Croatian).
Bertin, R. I. (2008). Plant phenology and distribution in relation to recent climate change. Journal of Torrey Botanical Society, 135(1), 126–146.
Bertová, L. (1984). Oleales – olivotvaré [Oleales – olive order]. In: Bertová, L. (Ed.). Flóra Slovenska IV/1. Angiospermophytina. Dicotyledonopsida. Sapindales ‒ Cornales. Veda, Bratislava. Pp. 63–78 (in Slovak).
Bolmgren, K., Eriksson, O., & Linder, H. P. (2003). Contrasting flowering phenology and species richness in abiotically and biotically pollinated angiosperms. Evolution, 57(9), 2001–2011.
Boshier, D., Cordero, J., Harris, S., Pannell, J., Rendell, S., Savill, P., Stewart, J., Cundall, N., Hubert, J., Samuel, S., Eriksen, B., Wallander, E., Martinsson, O., Bellido, J. A., Fayos, P. G., López, R. M., Roldán, M., Verdú, M., Mateu, I., Montilla, A. I., Spanos, K., Kyriakidis, D., Papi, R., Blada, I., Palada, M., Popescu, F., Postolache, D., Čaňová, I., Ďurkovič, J., Gömöry, D., Krajmerová, D., Paule, L., & Slobodník, B. (2005). Ash species in Europe: Biological characteristics and practical guidelines for sustainable use. University of Oxford, Oxford.
Brázdil, R., Budíková, M., Auer, I., Böhm, R., Cegnar, T., Faško, P., Lapin, M., Gajić-Čapka, M., Zaninović, K., Koleva, E., Niedźwiedź, T., Ustrnul, Z., Szalai, S., & Weber, R. O. (1996). Trends of maximum and minimum daily temperatures in Central and South-Eastern Europe. International Journal of Climatology, 16(7), 765–782.
Csontos, P., Tamás, J., & Kalapos, T. (2001). Correlation between age and basal diameter of Fraxinus ornus L. in three ecologically contrasting habitats. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 43(1), 127–136.
De Sillo, R., De Sanctis, M., Bruno, F., & Attorre, F. (2012). Vegetation and landscape of the Simbruini mountains (Central Apennines). Plant Sociology, 49(Suppl.1), 3‒64.
Dommée, B., Geslot, A., Thompson, J. D., Reille, M., & Denelle, N. (1999). Androdioecy in the entomophilous tree Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae). New Phytologist, 143(2), 419–426.
Dostál, F. (1989). Nová květena ČSSR 2 [The new flora of CSSR 2]. Academia, Prague (in Czech).
Feehan, J., Harley, M., & van Minnen, J. (2009). Climate change in Europe. 1. Impact on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(3), 409–421.
Garamvölgyi, Á., & Hufnagel, L. (2013). Impacts of climate change on vegetation distribution. No. 1: Climate change induced vegetation shifts in the palearctic region. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 11(1), 79‒122.
Giovannini, G., Perulli, D., Piussi, P., & Salbitano, F. (1992). Ecology of vegetative regeneration after coppicing in macchia stands in Central Italy. Vegetatio, 99–100, 331–343.
Gojdičová, E., Cvachová, A., & Karasová, E. (2002). Zoznam nepôvodných, inváznych a expanzívnych cievnatých rastlín Slovenska 2 [The list of the non-native, invasive and expansive tracheophytes of Slovakia 2]. Ochrana Prírody, 21, 59–79 (in Slovak).
Hegedüsová, K., & Senko, D. (2011). Successional changes of dry grasslands in Southwestern Slovakia after 46 years of abandonment. Plant Biosystems, 145(3), 666–687.
Kalapos, T., & Csontos, P. (2003). Variation in leaf structure and function of the Mediterranean three Fraxinus ornus L. growing in ecologically contrasting habitats at the margin of its range. Plant Biosystems, 137(1), 73–82.
Labudová, L., Faško, P., & Ivaňáková, G. (2015). Changes in climate and changing climate regions in Slovakia. Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(3), 71–82.
Lapin, M. (2004). Detection of changes in the regime of selected climatological elements at Hurbanovo. Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, 34(2), 169–193.
Machar, I., Voženílek, V., Kirchner, K., Vlčková, V., & Buček, A. (2017). Biogeografický model změn klimatických podmínek vegetační stupňovitosti v Česku [Biogeographic model of climate conditions for vegetation zones in Czechia]. Geografie, 122(1), 64‒82 (in Czech).
Manica, M., & Slobodník, B. (2008). Poznámky k výskytu a rozšíreniu jaseňov (Fraxinus L.) na Slovensku [Notes on the occurrence and distribution of ashes (Fraxinus L.) in Slovakia]. Acta Facultatis Ecologiae Zvolen, 18, 35–46 (in Slovak).
Morellato, L. P. C., Alberton, B., Alvarado, S. T., Borges, B., Buisson, E., Camargo, M. G. G., Cancian, L. F., Cartensen, D. W., Escobar, D. F. E., Leite, P. T. P., Mendoza, I., Rocha, N. M. W. B., Soares, N. C., Silva, T. S. F., Staggemeier, V. G., Streher, A. S., Vargas, B. C., & Peres, C. A. (2016). Linking plant phenology to conservation biology. Biological Conservation, 195, 60–72.
Piškur, M. (1999). Razširjenost in rastne značilnosti malega jasena (Fraxinus ornus L.) v Sloveniji [Occurrence and growth properties of manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) in Slovenia]. Gozdarski Vestnik, 57(10), 419–434 (in Slovenian).
Richardson, D. M., Holmes, P. M., Esler, K. J., Galatowitsch, S. M., Stromberg, J. C., Kirkman, S. P., Pyšek, P., & Hobbs, R. J. (2007). Riparian vegetation: Degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Diversity and Distributions, 13(1), 126–139.
Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (1984). Návod pre fenologické pozorovanie lesných rastlín [Manual for the phenological observation of forest plants]. Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava (in Slovak).
Tapper, P. G. (1992). Irregular fruiting in Fraxinus excelsior. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3(1), 41–46.
Tapper, P. G. (1996). Long-term patterns of mast fruiting in Fraxinus excelsior. Ecology, 77(8), 2567–2572.
Thébaud, C., & Debussche, M. (1991). Rapid invasion of Fraxinus ornus L. along the Hérault River system in Southern France: The importance of seed dispersal by water. Journal of Biogeography, 18(1), 7–12.
Verdú, M., Montilla, A. I., & Pannell, J. R. (2004). Paternal effects on functional gender account for cryptic dioecy in a perennial plant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B – Biological Sciences, 271(1552), 2017–2023.
Verdú, M., Spanos, K., Čaňová, I., Slobodník, B., & Paule, L. (2007). Similar gender dimorphism in the costs of reproduction across the geographic range of Fraxinus ornus. Annals of Botany, 99(1), 183–191.
Wallander, E. (2001). Evolution of wind-pollination in Fraxinus (Oleaceae) – an ecophylogenetic approach. Göteborg University, Göteborg.
Wallnofer, S., Mennel, L., Zimmermann, J., & Zimmermann, S. (2008). Das isolierte Vorkommen von Fraxinus ornus bei Zirl (Nordtirol, Österreich): Soziologische Bindung der Art und Beschreibung der Pflanzengesellschaften [The isolated occurrence of Fraxinus ornus near Zirl (North Tyrol, Austria): Sociological behaviour of the species and description of the plant communities]. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Österreich, 145, 49–64 (in German).
Walther, G. R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J. C., Fromentin, J. M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bairlein F. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416(6879), 389–395.
Zagas, T., Tsitsoni, T., Ganatsas, P., Tsakaldimi, M., Skotidakis, T., & Zagas, D. (2010). Land reclamation and ecological restoration in a marine area. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(4), 673‒680.
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2023-05-26
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