Contribution to the evaluation of the biomass of medicinal and aromatic plants in Mo-rocco: Case of Globularia alypum
Keywords:
biomass estimation; medicinal plants; aromatic plants; Amsittene; Morocco
Abstract
Morocco is distinguished by the richness of its flora, including medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) which play an important role, particularly in rural populations. Due to pressures often associated with overexploitation, monitoring of MAPs is essential to ensure their sustainability. This study looked to explore the status of Globularia alypum in the Amsittene site of biological and ecological interest (SBEI) in Morocco. A destructive technique was adopted to quantify biomass and productivity of G. alypum at six sites with different ecological characteristics in the Amsisttene SBEI. Linear regression was used to model G. alypum biomass as a function of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Tree cover had the greatest influence on G. alypum dynamics, showing a significant effect on shrub height, leaf productivity, and total productivity, as did the cutting method, with the highest biomass estimated based on pair matching of similar individuals. NDVI was found to be an adequate indicator of G. alypum biomass, given their high correlation (0.84) with the selected model having an R2 of 0.7. The yield of extracted essential oils ranged from 3.19 to 113.43 L, from which 10 chemical compounds were identified, with ethylvanillin being the most prominent.References
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Arrad, T. Y., Errami, E., Ennih, N., Ouajhain, B., Ettachfini, E. M., & Bouaouda, M. S. (2020). From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira Province, Morocco). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 161, 103656.
Augusto, L., Dupouey, J.-L., & Ranger, J. (2003). Effects of tree species on understory vegetation and environmental conditions in temperate forests. Annals of Forest Science, 60(8), 823–831.
Benabid, A. (1976). Etude écologique, phytosociologique et sylvo-pastorale de la tétraclinaie de l’Amsittène (Maroc). University Aix-Marseille III.
Bohlman, G. N., Underwood, E. C., & Safford, H. D. (2018). Estimating biomass in California’s chaparral and coastal sage scrub shrublands. Madroño, 65(1), 28–46.
Bouayyadi, L., Hafian, M. E., & Zidane, L. (2015). Étude floristique et ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale dans la région du Gharb, Maroc. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 93(1), 8770–8788.
Božović, M., Navarra, A., Garzoli, S., Pepi, F., & Ragno, R. (2017). Esential oils extraction: A 24-hour steam distillation systematic methodology. Natural Product Research, 31(20), 2387–2396.
Caccia, F. D., & Ballaré, C. L. (1998). Effects of tree cover, understory vegetation, and litter on regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in South-Western Argentina. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28(5), 683–692.
Chaachouay, N. (2020). Etude floristique et ethnomédicinale des plantes aromatiques et médicinales dans le rif (Nord du Maroc). Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra.
Ciftcioglu, G. C. (2015). Sustainable wild-collection of medicinal and edible plants in Lefke region of North Cyprus. Agroforestry Systems, 89(5), 917–931.
Conti, G., Enrico, L., Casanoves, F., & Díaz, S. (2013). Shrub biomass estimation in the semiarid Chaco forest: A contribution to the quantification of an underrated carbon stock. Annals of Forest Science, 70(5), 515–524.
Eiceman, G. A., & Gardea-Torresdey, J. (2006). Data reduction in gas chromatography. In: Meyers, R. A. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
El Cadi, H., El Cadi, A., Kounnoun, A., Oulad El Majdoub, Y., Palma Lovillo, M., Brigui, J., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., & Cacciola, F. (2020). Wild strawberry (Arbutus unedo): Phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of fruits collected in Northern Morocco. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(8), 6299–6311.
Ghanmi, M., Aafi, A., Satrani, B., Aberchane, M., Khia, A., & Yakhlef, S. E. B. (2014). Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: Opportunities, constraints and prospects. In: Novel plant bioresources: Applications in food, medicine and cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd eBooks. Pp. 409–423.
Ghanmi, M., Satrani, B., Aafi, A., Isamili, M., El Monfalouti, H., Benchakroun, K., Aberchane, M., Harki, E. H., Boukir, A., Chaouch, A., & Charrouf, Z. (2010). Effet de la date de récolte sur le rendement, la composition chimique et la bioactivité des huiles essentielles de l’armoise blanche (Artemisia herba-alba) de la région de Guerçif (Maroc Oriental). Phytothérapie, 8, 295–301.
Ghanmi, M., Satrani, B., Aberchane, M., Ismaili, M. R., Aafi, A., & El Abid, A. (2011). Plantes aromatiques et médicinales du Maroc, les milles et une vertu. Centre de Recherche Forestière. Rabat, Maroc.
Gibbs, H. K., Brown, S., Niles, J. O., & Foley, J. A. (2007). Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: Making REDD a reality. Environmental Research Letters, 2(4), 045023.
Golmohammadi, M., Borghei, A. M., Zenouzi, A., Ashrafi, N., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2018). Optimization of essential oil extraction from orange peels using steam explosion. Heliyon, 4(11), e00893.
Goudiaby, A. O. K., Sall, S. D., Coly, I., Djiba, S., Ndour, N., & Ndoye, I. (2017). Influence du couvert de Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn) sur la diversité spécifique des herbacées dans la zone de Diembéring (Basse Casamance, Sénégal). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 11(4), 1471.
Harrington, T. B. (2007). Plant competition, facilitation, and other overstory-understory interactions in longleaf pine ecosystems. In: Jose, S., Jokela, E. J., & Miller, D. L. (Eds.). The longleaf pine ecosystem. Ecology, silviculture, and restoration. Springer eBooks. Pp. 135–156.
Hasan, M. N., Azam, N. K., Ahmed, M. N., & Hirashima, A. (2016). A randomized ethnomedicinal survey of snakebite treatment in southwestern parts of Bangladesh. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(4), 337–342.
Joshi, B. C., & Joshi, R. K. (2014). The role of medicinal plants in livelihood improvement in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 1(6), 55–58.
Kramer, P. J., Kozlowski, T. T., & Kramer, P. J. (1979). Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press.
Larrañaga, M. D., Lewis, R. J., & Lewis, R. A. (2016). Hawley’s condensed chemical dictionary. Sixteenth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Li, Y., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Vian, M. A., & Chemat, F. (2013). Solvent-free microwave extraction of bioactive compounds provides a tool for green analytical chemistry. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 47, 1–11.
Medeiros, P. M. (2018). Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In: White, W. M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of geochemistry. Springer, Cham. Pp. 530–535.
Mir, T. A., Jan, M., Khare, R. K., & Bhat, M. H. (2021). Medicinal plant resources: Threat to its biodiversity and conservation strategies. In: Aftab, T., Hakeem, K. R. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Cham. Pp. 717–739.
Montanari, B. (2012). A critical analysis of the introduction of essential oil distillation in the High Atlas of Morocco with reference to the role of gendered traditional knowledge. University of Kent, Kent.
Montanari, B., & Bergh, S. I. (2019). A gendered analysis of the income generating activities under the green Morocco plan: Who profits? Human Ecology, 47(3), 409–417.
Northup, B. K., Zitzer, S. F., Archer, S., McMurtry, C. R., & Boutton, T. W. (2005). Above-ground biomass and carbon and nitrogen content of woody species in a subtropical thornscrub parkland. Journal of Arid Environments, 62(1), 23–43.
O'Neil, M. J., & Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). (2013). The merck index: An encyclopedia of chemicals drugs and biologicals (Fifteenth). Royal Society of Chemistry.
Palmer, P. T. (2000). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In: Meyers, R. A. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry: Applications, theory, and instru-mentation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pangriya, R. (2015). Study of aromatic and medicated plants in Uttrakhand, India: With focus on role in employment generation and supply chain management. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 2(2), 148–156.
Panten, J., & Surburg, H. (2015). Flavors and fragrances, 1. General Aspects. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pp. 1–9.
Pasalodos-Tato, M., Ruiz-Peinado, R., del Río, M., & Montero, G. (2015). Shrub biomass accumulation and growth rate models to quantify carbon stocks and fluxes for the Mediterranean region. European Journal of Forest Research, 134(3), 537–553.
Petrakou, K., Iatrou, G., & Lamari, F. N. (2020). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traded in herbal markets in the Peloponnisos, Greece. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 19, 100305.
Rao, M. R., Palada, M., & Becker, B. N. (2004). Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems. In: Nair, P. K. R., Rao, M. R., Buck, L. E. (Eds.). New vistas in agroforestry. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 107–122.
Rojo, V., Arzamendia, Y., Pérez, C., Baldo, J., & Vilá, B. (2017). Double sampling methods in biomass estimates of andean shrubs and tussocks. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 70(6), 718–722.
Rouse, J., Haas, R. H., Schell, J., & Deering, D. W. (1974). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. NASA Special Publication, 351, 309.
Sardesai, V. M. (2002). Herbal medicines: Poisons or potions? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 139(6), 343–348.
Shafi, A., Hassan, F., Zahoor, I., Majeed, U., & Khanday, F. A. (2021). Biodiversity, management and sustainable use of medicinal and aromatic plant resources. In: Atfab, T., & Hakeem, K. R. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Cham. Pp. 85–111.
Shi, L., & Liu, S. (2017). Methods of estimating forest biomass: A review. In: Tumuluru, J. S. (Ed.). Biomass volume estimation and valorization for energy. IntechOpen, London.
Škėma, M., Mikšys, V., Aleinikovas, M., Šilinskas, B., & Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, I. (2018). Biomass structure and morphometric parameters for non-destructive biomass estimation of common forest underbrush species in Lithuania. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27(1), 325–333.
Usó, J. L., Mateu, J., Karjalainen, T., & Salvador, P. (1997). Allometric regression equations to determine aerial biomasses of Mediterranean shrubs. Plant Ecology, 132(1), 59–69.
van Andel, T. R., Croft, S., van Loon, E. E., Quiroz, D., Towns, A. M., & Raes, N. (2015). Prioritizing West African medicinal plants for conservation and sustainable extraction studies based on market surveys and species distribution models. Biological Conservation, 181, 173–181.
van Den Dool, H., & Dec Kratz, P. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas – Liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 11, 463–471.
Wani, N. A., Tantray, Y. R., Wani, M. S., & Malik, N. A. (2021). The conservation and utilization of medicinal plant resources. In: Aftab, T., & Hakeem, K. R. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Cham. Pp. 691–715.
Xavier, V. B., Vargas, R. M. F., Cassel, E., Lucas, A. M., Santos, M. A., Mondin, C. A., Santarem, E. R., Astarita, L. V., & Sartor, T. (2011). Mathematical modeling for extraction of essential oil from Baccharis spp. by steam distillation. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(3), 599–604.
Yao, X., Yang, G., Wu, B., Jiang, L., & Wang, F. (2021). Biomass estimation models for six shrub species in Hunshandake Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Forests, 12(2), 167.
Zrira, S. (2017). Some important aromatic and medicinal plants of Morocco. In: Neffati, M., Najjaa, H., & Mathe, A. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world – Africa. Springer, Dordrecht. Volume 3. Pp. 91–125.
Akpo, L.-E., Diouf, M., Bada, F., Diatta, M., & Grouzis, M. (2001). Relations herbe/arbre dans une savane arbustive: Influence du couvert sur la diversité et la productivité des herbages soudano-sahéliens. Webbia, 56(1), 181–199.
Arrad, T. Y., Errami, E., Ennih, N., Ouajhain, B., Ettachfini, E. M., & Bouaouda, M. S. (2020). From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira Province, Morocco). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 161, 103656.
Augusto, L., Dupouey, J.-L., & Ranger, J. (2003). Effects of tree species on understory vegetation and environmental conditions in temperate forests. Annals of Forest Science, 60(8), 823–831.
Benabid, A. (1976). Etude écologique, phytosociologique et sylvo-pastorale de la tétraclinaie de l’Amsittène (Maroc). University Aix-Marseille III.
Bohlman, G. N., Underwood, E. C., & Safford, H. D. (2018). Estimating biomass in California’s chaparral and coastal sage scrub shrublands. Madroño, 65(1), 28–46.
Bouayyadi, L., Hafian, M. E., & Zidane, L. (2015). Étude floristique et ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale dans la région du Gharb, Maroc. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 93(1), 8770–8788.
Božović, M., Navarra, A., Garzoli, S., Pepi, F., & Ragno, R. (2017). Esential oils extraction: A 24-hour steam distillation systematic methodology. Natural Product Research, 31(20), 2387–2396.
Caccia, F. D., & Ballaré, C. L. (1998). Effects of tree cover, understory vegetation, and litter on regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in South-Western Argentina. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28(5), 683–692.
Chaachouay, N. (2020). Etude floristique et ethnomédicinale des plantes aromatiques et médicinales dans le rif (Nord du Maroc). Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra.
Ciftcioglu, G. C. (2015). Sustainable wild-collection of medicinal and edible plants in Lefke region of North Cyprus. Agroforestry Systems, 89(5), 917–931.
Conti, G., Enrico, L., Casanoves, F., & Díaz, S. (2013). Shrub biomass estimation in the semiarid Chaco forest: A contribution to the quantification of an underrated carbon stock. Annals of Forest Science, 70(5), 515–524.
Eiceman, G. A., & Gardea-Torresdey, J. (2006). Data reduction in gas chromatography. In: Meyers, R. A. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
El Cadi, H., El Cadi, A., Kounnoun, A., Oulad El Majdoub, Y., Palma Lovillo, M., Brigui, J., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., & Cacciola, F. (2020). Wild strawberry (Arbutus unedo): Phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of fruits collected in Northern Morocco. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(8), 6299–6311.
Ghanmi, M., Aafi, A., Satrani, B., Aberchane, M., Khia, A., & Yakhlef, S. E. B. (2014). Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: Opportunities, constraints and prospects. In: Novel plant bioresources: Applications in food, medicine and cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd eBooks. Pp. 409–423.
Ghanmi, M., Satrani, B., Aafi, A., Isamili, M., El Monfalouti, H., Benchakroun, K., Aberchane, M., Harki, E. H., Boukir, A., Chaouch, A., & Charrouf, Z. (2010). Effet de la date de récolte sur le rendement, la composition chimique et la bioactivité des huiles essentielles de l’armoise blanche (Artemisia herba-alba) de la région de Guerçif (Maroc Oriental). Phytothérapie, 8, 295–301.
Ghanmi, M., Satrani, B., Aberchane, M., Ismaili, M. R., Aafi, A., & El Abid, A. (2011). Plantes aromatiques et médicinales du Maroc, les milles et une vertu. Centre de Recherche Forestière. Rabat, Maroc.
Gibbs, H. K., Brown, S., Niles, J. O., & Foley, J. A. (2007). Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: Making REDD a reality. Environmental Research Letters, 2(4), 045023.
Golmohammadi, M., Borghei, A. M., Zenouzi, A., Ashrafi, N., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2018). Optimization of essential oil extraction from orange peels using steam explosion. Heliyon, 4(11), e00893.
Goudiaby, A. O. K., Sall, S. D., Coly, I., Djiba, S., Ndour, N., & Ndoye, I. (2017). Influence du couvert de Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn) sur la diversité spécifique des herbacées dans la zone de Diembéring (Basse Casamance, Sénégal). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 11(4), 1471.
Harrington, T. B. (2007). Plant competition, facilitation, and other overstory-understory interactions in longleaf pine ecosystems. In: Jose, S., Jokela, E. J., & Miller, D. L. (Eds.). The longleaf pine ecosystem. Ecology, silviculture, and restoration. Springer eBooks. Pp. 135–156.
Hasan, M. N., Azam, N. K., Ahmed, M. N., & Hirashima, A. (2016). A randomized ethnomedicinal survey of snakebite treatment in southwestern parts of Bangladesh. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(4), 337–342.
Joshi, B. C., & Joshi, R. K. (2014). The role of medicinal plants in livelihood improvement in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 1(6), 55–58.
Kramer, P. J., Kozlowski, T. T., & Kramer, P. J. (1979). Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press.
Larrañaga, M. D., Lewis, R. J., & Lewis, R. A. (2016). Hawley’s condensed chemical dictionary. Sixteenth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Li, Y., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Vian, M. A., & Chemat, F. (2013). Solvent-free microwave extraction of bioactive compounds provides a tool for green analytical chemistry. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 47, 1–11.
Medeiros, P. M. (2018). Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In: White, W. M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of geochemistry. Springer, Cham. Pp. 530–535.
Mir, T. A., Jan, M., Khare, R. K., & Bhat, M. H. (2021). Medicinal plant resources: Threat to its biodiversity and conservation strategies. In: Aftab, T., Hakeem, K. R. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Cham. Pp. 717–739.
Montanari, B. (2012). A critical analysis of the introduction of essential oil distillation in the High Atlas of Morocco with reference to the role of gendered traditional knowledge. University of Kent, Kent.
Montanari, B., & Bergh, S. I. (2019). A gendered analysis of the income generating activities under the green Morocco plan: Who profits? Human Ecology, 47(3), 409–417.
Northup, B. K., Zitzer, S. F., Archer, S., McMurtry, C. R., & Boutton, T. W. (2005). Above-ground biomass and carbon and nitrogen content of woody species in a subtropical thornscrub parkland. Journal of Arid Environments, 62(1), 23–43.
O'Neil, M. J., & Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). (2013). The merck index: An encyclopedia of chemicals drugs and biologicals (Fifteenth). Royal Society of Chemistry.
Palmer, P. T. (2000). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In: Meyers, R. A. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry: Applications, theory, and instru-mentation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pangriya, R. (2015). Study of aromatic and medicated plants in Uttrakhand, India: With focus on role in employment generation and supply chain management. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 2(2), 148–156.
Panten, J., & Surburg, H. (2015). Flavors and fragrances, 1. General Aspects. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pp. 1–9.
Pasalodos-Tato, M., Ruiz-Peinado, R., del Río, M., & Montero, G. (2015). Shrub biomass accumulation and growth rate models to quantify carbon stocks and fluxes for the Mediterranean region. European Journal of Forest Research, 134(3), 537–553.
Petrakou, K., Iatrou, G., & Lamari, F. N. (2020). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traded in herbal markets in the Peloponnisos, Greece. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 19, 100305.
Rao, M. R., Palada, M., & Becker, B. N. (2004). Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems. In: Nair, P. K. R., Rao, M. R., Buck, L. E. (Eds.). New vistas in agroforestry. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 107–122.
Rojo, V., Arzamendia, Y., Pérez, C., Baldo, J., & Vilá, B. (2017). Double sampling methods in biomass estimates of andean shrubs and tussocks. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 70(6), 718–722.
Rouse, J., Haas, R. H., Schell, J., & Deering, D. W. (1974). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. NASA Special Publication, 351, 309.
Sardesai, V. M. (2002). Herbal medicines: Poisons or potions? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 139(6), 343–348.
Shafi, A., Hassan, F., Zahoor, I., Majeed, U., & Khanday, F. A. (2021). Biodiversity, management and sustainable use of medicinal and aromatic plant resources. In: Atfab, T., & Hakeem, K. R. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Cham. Pp. 85–111.
Shi, L., & Liu, S. (2017). Methods of estimating forest biomass: A review. In: Tumuluru, J. S. (Ed.). Biomass volume estimation and valorization for energy. IntechOpen, London.
Škėma, M., Mikšys, V., Aleinikovas, M., Šilinskas, B., & Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, I. (2018). Biomass structure and morphometric parameters for non-destructive biomass estimation of common forest underbrush species in Lithuania. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27(1), 325–333.
Usó, J. L., Mateu, J., Karjalainen, T., & Salvador, P. (1997). Allometric regression equations to determine aerial biomasses of Mediterranean shrubs. Plant Ecology, 132(1), 59–69.
van Andel, T. R., Croft, S., van Loon, E. E., Quiroz, D., Towns, A. M., & Raes, N. (2015). Prioritizing West African medicinal plants for conservation and sustainable extraction studies based on market surveys and species distribution models. Biological Conservation, 181, 173–181.
van Den Dool, H., & Dec Kratz, P. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas – Liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 11, 463–471.
Wani, N. A., Tantray, Y. R., Wani, M. S., & Malik, N. A. (2021). The conservation and utilization of medicinal plant resources. In: Aftab, T., & Hakeem, K. R. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Cham. Pp. 691–715.
Xavier, V. B., Vargas, R. M. F., Cassel, E., Lucas, A. M., Santos, M. A., Mondin, C. A., Santarem, E. R., Astarita, L. V., & Sartor, T. (2011). Mathematical modeling for extraction of essential oil from Baccharis spp. by steam distillation. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(3), 599–604.
Yao, X., Yang, G., Wu, B., Jiang, L., & Wang, F. (2021). Biomass estimation models for six shrub species in Hunshandake Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Forests, 12(2), 167.
Zrira, S. (2017). Some important aromatic and medicinal plants of Morocco. In: Neffati, M., Najjaa, H., & Mathe, A. (Eds.). Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world – Africa. Springer, Dordrecht. Volume 3. Pp. 91–125.
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2023-09-19
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