Distribution and status of Posidonia oceanica meadows on the North-Western coast of Algeria
Keywords:
Posidonia oceanica; distribution; status; characterisation; Algeria; Mediterranean Sea.
Abstract
Posidonia oceanica is an endemic species of the Mediterranean Sea that in pristine coastal waters forms extensive meadows, which are, actually, exposed to natural and anthropogenic pressures, causing their regression throughout the basin. The aim of our study is to summarise and evaluate current knowledge about the characterisation of Posidonia oceanica along the Western Algerian coast, in order to provide new evidence about the distribution and health status this species. To realize our objectives, we combined extracted data from published articles, theses, results of project reports, in situ observations and laboratory analysis. The results show the presence of the meadows in fifteen coastal zones of Western Algeria, mainly located in shallow surface waters from 0.5 to 18 metres depth.The mean leaf length across all sites ranged from 153 to 667 mm. The mean number of leaves/shoot ranged between 4.7 ± 0.9 and 6.0 ± 0.5 leaves/shoot. Leaf length showed a highly significant difference between the cold and hot season. The data analysis shows that the leaf biometric values and the shoot densities of the P. oceanica are greater than those of Mediterranean samples although these measures tend to decrease deeply. The analyses carried out on structural features of P. oceanica show that the Western Algerian meadows are, globally, in good health status according to standardised scale. The available data on P. oceanica summarised in this article represent an important starting point to build effective plans for understanding levels of environmental threats and for supporting conservation strategies for these important ecosystems. Conversely, the limited information available on this seagrass along the Western Algerian costs only allows the description of some structural features, and permits us to draw overall conclusions on its general health status.References
Boudouresque, C.-F. (2004). Marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean: Status of species, populations and communities. Scientific Activities of National Parc of Port-Cros, 20, 97–146.
Boudouresque, C.-F., & Meinesz, A. (1982). Découverte de l'herbier de Posidonie [Discovery of the Posidonia meadow]. Parc National du Port-Cros Publisher, 4, 1–80 (in French).
Boudouresque, C.-F., Bernard, G., Bonhomme, P., Charbonnel, E., Diviacco, G., Meinesz, A., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Ruitton, S., & Tunesi, L. (2012). Protection and conservation of Posidonia oceanica meadows. Ramoge and RAC/SPA Publisher, Tunisia.
Boumaza, S., & Semroud, R. (2000). Evaluation of past and present primary production in Posidonia oceanica beds from the cove of Kouali (Tipasa, Algeria) using the lepidochronological method. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 7(2), 26–30.
Boumaza, S., Boudefoua, N., Boumaza, R., & Semroud, R. (2014). Effects of urban effluents on spatial structure, morphology and total phenols of Posidonia oceanica: Comparison with a reference site. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 457, 113–119.
Buia, M. C., Zupo, V., & Mazzella, L. (1992). Primary production and growth dynamics in Posidonia oceanica. Marine Ecology, 13(1), 2–16.
Cahrour, F. (2013). Etude de la vitalité des herbiers à Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile de la côte occidentale algérienne (Cap Carbon et AinFranine). [Study of the vitality of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile meadows on the Algerian western coast (Cap Carbon and AinFranine)]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella d'Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Caye, G., & Rossignol, M. (1983). Etude des variations saisonnières de la croissance des feuilles et des racines de Posidonia oceanica [Study of seasonal variations in the growth of leaves and roots of Posidonia oceanica]. Marine Biology, 75, 79–88 (in French).
Chahrour, F., Boumaza, S., Semroud, R., & Boutiba, Z. (2013). Phenology of Posidonia oceanica (Linneaus) Delile in the west coast of Algeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(1), 240–254.
Delgado, O., Ruiz, J., Pérez, M., Romero, J., & Ballesteros, E. (1999). Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: Seagrass decline after organic loading cessation. Oceanologica Acta, 22(1), 109–117.
Den Hartog, C. (1970). The seagrasses of the world. Institutes of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters. North holland Publishing Company Amsterdam, London. Vol. 2. Pp. 1–276.
Di Maida, G., Tomasello, A., Sciandra, M., Pirrotta, M., Milazzo, M., & Calvo, S. (2013). Effect of different substrata on rhizome growth, leaf biometry and shoot density of Posidonia oceanica. Marine Environmental Research, 87, 96–102.
Dimech, M., Borg, J. A., & Schembri, P. J. (2000). Structural changes in a Posidonia oceanica meadow exposed to a pollution gradient from a marine fish-farm in Malta (Central Mediterranean). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 7(2), 361–364.
Duarte, C. M. (2002). The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation, 29(2), 192–206.
Effrosynidis, D., Arampatzis, A., & Sylaios, G. (2018). Seagrass detection in the Mediterranean: A supervised learning approach. Ecological Informatics, 48, 158–170.
Fernández-Torquemada, Y., Díaz-Valdés, M., Colilla, F., Luna, B., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., & Ramos-Esplá, A. A. (2008). Descriptors from Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows in coastal waters of Valencia, Spain, in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65(8), 1492–1497.
Ferrari, B., Raventos, N., & Planes, S. (2008). Assessing effects of fishing prohibition on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in the Marine Natural Reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls. Aquatic Botany, 88(4), 295–302.
Giakoumi, S., Sini, M., Gerovasileiou, V., Mazor, T., Beher, J., Possingham, H. P., Abdulla, A., Çinar, M. E., Dendrinos, P., & Gucu, A. C. (2013). Ecoregion-based conservation planning in the Mediterranean: Dealing with large-scale heterogeneity. PloS One, 8(10), e76449.
Gobert, S., Kyramarios, M., Lepoint, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Bouquegneau, J.-M. (2003). Variations at different spatial scales of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile beds: Effects on the physico-chemical parameters of the sediment. Oceanologica Acta, 26(2), 199–207.
González-Correa, J. M., Sempere, J. T. B., Sánchez-Jerez, P., & Valle, C. (2007). Posidonia oceanica meadows are not declining globally. Analysis of population dynamics in marine protected areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 336, 111–119.
Green, E., & Short, F. (2003). World atlas of seagrasses. Prepared by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Husein Kais, B. (2015). Suivi et évaluation de la structure écologique et biodiversitaire infralittorale de la zone cotière oranaise [Monitoring and evaluation of the sublittoral ecological and biodiversity structure of the Oran coastal zone]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella d'Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Iman, B. (2015). Dosage des composés phénoliques chez Posidonia oceanica (Linné, 1813) Delile, des herbiers de la côte Ouest algérienne (Ain Franin, Cap Carbon et Sidi Lakhdar) [Determination of phenolic compounds in Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus, 1813) Delile, from the meadows of the Algerian west coast (Ain Franin, Cap Carbon and Sidi Lakhdar)]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella of Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Jordà, G., Marbà, N., & Duarte, C. M. (2012). Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming. Nature Climate Change, 2(11), 821–824.
Khodja, A. (2013). Caractérisation de l'herbie à Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) de la cote occidentale algerienne (Cap Blanc) [Characterization of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) meadow on the Algerian western coast (Cap Blanc)]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella d'Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Kiparissis, S., Fakiris, E., Papatheodorou, G., Geraga, M., Kornaros, M., Kapareliotis, A., & Ferentinos, G. (2011). Illegal trawling and induced invasive algal spread as collaborative factors in a Posidonia oceanica meadow degradation. Biological Invasions, 13(3), 669–678.
Leoni, V., Pasqualini, V., Pergent-Martini, C., Vela, A., & Pergent, G. (2006). Morphological responses of Posidonia oceanica to experimental nutrient enrichment of the canopy water. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 339(1), 1–14.
Lopez y Royo, C., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Casazza, G. (2010). Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) monitoring in Western Mediterranean: Implications for management and conservation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 171, 365–380.
Meinesz, A., Lefevre, J., & Astier, J. (1991). Impact of coastal development on the infralittoral zone along the Southeastern Mediterranean shore of Continental France. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 23, 343–347.
Montefalcone, M., Albertelli, G., Morri, C., & Bianchi, C. N. (2007). Urban seagrass: Status of Posidonia oceanica facing the Genoa City waterfront (Italy) and implications for management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(2), 206–213.
Mutlu, E., Duman, G. S., Karaca, D., Özvarol, Y., & Şahin, A. (2023). Biometrical variation of Posidonia oceanica with different bottom types along the entire Turkish Mediterranean coast. Ocean Science Journal, 58(1), 9.
Noureddine, B. (2012). Contribution à l'étude écologique de l'herbier à Posidonia océanica (L.) Delile (1813) de la frange cotière de Mostaganem: Etat de santé et relation entre plante et échinoderme [Contribution to the ecological study of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) meadow on the coastal fringe of Mostaganem: State of health and relationship between plant and echinoderm]. University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis of Mostaganem, Algeria.
Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M., Fourqurean, J. W., Heck Jr., K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick, G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., & Olyarnik, S. (2006). A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience, 56(12), 987–996.
Pasqualini, V., Clabaut, P., Pergent, G., Benyoussef, L., & Pergent-Martini, C. (2000). Contribution of side scan sonar to the management of Mediterranean littoral ecosystems. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(2), 367–378.
Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Boudouresque, C.-F. (1995). Utilisation de l'herbier à Posidonia oceanica comme indicateur biologique de la qualité du milieu littoral en Méditerranée: état des connaissances [Use of the Posidonia oceanica meadow as a biological indicator of the quality of the coastal environment in the Mediterranean: State of knowledge]. Mésogée, 54, 3–27 (in French).
Pergent-Martini, C., & Pergent, G. (2000). Marine phanerogams as a tool in the evaluation of marine trace-metal contamination: An example from the Mediterranean. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 13(1–6), 126–147.
Pergent-Martini, C., Leoni, V., Pasqualini, V., Ardizzone, G., Balestri, E., Bedini, R., Belluscio, A., Belsher, T., Borg, J., Boudouresque, C., Boumaza, S., Bouquegneau, J. M., Buia, M. C., Calvo, S., Cebrian, J., Charbonnel, E., Cinelli, F., Cossu, A., Di Maida, G., Dural, B., Francour, P., Gobert, S., Lepoint, G., Meinesz, A., Molenaar, H., Mansour, H. M., Panayotidis, P., Peirano, A., Pergent, G., Piazzi, L., Pirrotta, M., Relini, G., Romerot, J., Sanchez-Lizas, J. L., Semroudh, R., Shembri, P., Shili, A., Tomasello, A., & Velimiro, B. (2005). Descriptors of Posidonia oceanica meadows: Use and application. Ecological Indicators, 5(3), 213–230.
Pergent-Martini, C., Pasqualini, V., & Pergent, G. (1995). Monitoring of Posidonia oceanica meadows near the outfall of the sewage treatment plant at Marseille (Mediterranean–France). European Association for Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) advances in remote sensing, 4(1), 128–134.
Pergent-Martini, C., Rico-Raimondino, V., & Pergent, G. (1994). Primary production of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Basin. Marine Biology, 120(1), 9–15.
Ruiz, J., & Romero, J. (2003). Effects of disturbances caused by coastal constructions on spatial structure, growth dynamics and photosynthesis of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(12), 1523–1533.
Semroud, R. (1996). Contribution to understanding of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile ecosystem in the Algiers region (Algeria): Study of selected segments. MAP Technical Reports Series (UNEP). UNEP Publisher, Athens. Vol. 97.
Sghaier, Y., Zakhama-Sraieb, R., & Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F. (2006). Status of Posidonia oceanica meadows along the eastern coast of Tunisia. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 13(4), 85–91.
Spalding, M., Taylor, M., Ravilious, C., Short, F., & Green, E. (2003). The distribution and status of seagrasses. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Tektek, F. Z., Chahrour, F., Dermeche, S., Fatma, H., & Bouderbala, M. (2017). Evaluation of the health status of the Posidonia oceanica (Linné, 1813) Delile herbarium of a protected area: Case of Rachgoun Island (Benisaf, Algeria). Indian Journal of Applied Research, 7(10), 633–639.
Telesca, L., Belluscio, A., Criscoli, A., Ardizzone, G., Apostolaki, E. T., Fraschetti, S., Gristina, M., Knittweis, L., Martin, C. S., & Pergent, G. (2015). Seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica) distribution and trajectories of change. Scientific Reports, 5, 12505.
Tsirika, A., Skoufas, G., & Haritonidis, S. (2007). Seasonal and bathymetric variations of epiphytic macroflora on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (Greece). Marine Ecology, 28, 146–153.
UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA (2016). Mapping of key marine habitats in the Mediterranean and initiation of a monitoring network around the island of Rachgoun – West Algeria. – MedKeyHabitats II Project. CAR/ASP – Projet MedKey Habitats, Tunis.
Vasapollo, C., & Gambi, M. C. (2012). Spatio-temporal variability in Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows of the Western Mediterranean: Shoot density and plant features. Aquatic Biology, 16(2), 163–175.
Boudouresque, C.-F., & Meinesz, A. (1982). Découverte de l'herbier de Posidonie [Discovery of the Posidonia meadow]. Parc National du Port-Cros Publisher, 4, 1–80 (in French).
Boudouresque, C.-F., Bernard, G., Bonhomme, P., Charbonnel, E., Diviacco, G., Meinesz, A., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Ruitton, S., & Tunesi, L. (2012). Protection and conservation of Posidonia oceanica meadows. Ramoge and RAC/SPA Publisher, Tunisia.
Boumaza, S., & Semroud, R. (2000). Evaluation of past and present primary production in Posidonia oceanica beds from the cove of Kouali (Tipasa, Algeria) using the lepidochronological method. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 7(2), 26–30.
Boumaza, S., Boudefoua, N., Boumaza, R., & Semroud, R. (2014). Effects of urban effluents on spatial structure, morphology and total phenols of Posidonia oceanica: Comparison with a reference site. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 457, 113–119.
Buia, M. C., Zupo, V., & Mazzella, L. (1992). Primary production and growth dynamics in Posidonia oceanica. Marine Ecology, 13(1), 2–16.
Cahrour, F. (2013). Etude de la vitalité des herbiers à Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile de la côte occidentale algérienne (Cap Carbon et AinFranine). [Study of the vitality of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile meadows on the Algerian western coast (Cap Carbon and AinFranine)]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella d'Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Caye, G., & Rossignol, M. (1983). Etude des variations saisonnières de la croissance des feuilles et des racines de Posidonia oceanica [Study of seasonal variations in the growth of leaves and roots of Posidonia oceanica]. Marine Biology, 75, 79–88 (in French).
Chahrour, F., Boumaza, S., Semroud, R., & Boutiba, Z. (2013). Phenology of Posidonia oceanica (Linneaus) Delile in the west coast of Algeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(1), 240–254.
Delgado, O., Ruiz, J., Pérez, M., Romero, J., & Ballesteros, E. (1999). Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: Seagrass decline after organic loading cessation. Oceanologica Acta, 22(1), 109–117.
Den Hartog, C. (1970). The seagrasses of the world. Institutes of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters. North holland Publishing Company Amsterdam, London. Vol. 2. Pp. 1–276.
Di Maida, G., Tomasello, A., Sciandra, M., Pirrotta, M., Milazzo, M., & Calvo, S. (2013). Effect of different substrata on rhizome growth, leaf biometry and shoot density of Posidonia oceanica. Marine Environmental Research, 87, 96–102.
Dimech, M., Borg, J. A., & Schembri, P. J. (2000). Structural changes in a Posidonia oceanica meadow exposed to a pollution gradient from a marine fish-farm in Malta (Central Mediterranean). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 7(2), 361–364.
Duarte, C. M. (2002). The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation, 29(2), 192–206.
Effrosynidis, D., Arampatzis, A., & Sylaios, G. (2018). Seagrass detection in the Mediterranean: A supervised learning approach. Ecological Informatics, 48, 158–170.
Fernández-Torquemada, Y., Díaz-Valdés, M., Colilla, F., Luna, B., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., & Ramos-Esplá, A. A. (2008). Descriptors from Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows in coastal waters of Valencia, Spain, in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65(8), 1492–1497.
Ferrari, B., Raventos, N., & Planes, S. (2008). Assessing effects of fishing prohibition on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in the Marine Natural Reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls. Aquatic Botany, 88(4), 295–302.
Giakoumi, S., Sini, M., Gerovasileiou, V., Mazor, T., Beher, J., Possingham, H. P., Abdulla, A., Çinar, M. E., Dendrinos, P., & Gucu, A. C. (2013). Ecoregion-based conservation planning in the Mediterranean: Dealing with large-scale heterogeneity. PloS One, 8(10), e76449.
Gobert, S., Kyramarios, M., Lepoint, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Bouquegneau, J.-M. (2003). Variations at different spatial scales of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile beds: Effects on the physico-chemical parameters of the sediment. Oceanologica Acta, 26(2), 199–207.
González-Correa, J. M., Sempere, J. T. B., Sánchez-Jerez, P., & Valle, C. (2007). Posidonia oceanica meadows are not declining globally. Analysis of population dynamics in marine protected areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 336, 111–119.
Green, E., & Short, F. (2003). World atlas of seagrasses. Prepared by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Husein Kais, B. (2015). Suivi et évaluation de la structure écologique et biodiversitaire infralittorale de la zone cotière oranaise [Monitoring and evaluation of the sublittoral ecological and biodiversity structure of the Oran coastal zone]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella d'Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Iman, B. (2015). Dosage des composés phénoliques chez Posidonia oceanica (Linné, 1813) Delile, des herbiers de la côte Ouest algérienne (Ain Franin, Cap Carbon et Sidi Lakhdar) [Determination of phenolic compounds in Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus, 1813) Delile, from the meadows of the Algerian west coast (Ain Franin, Cap Carbon and Sidi Lakhdar)]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella of Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Jordà, G., Marbà, N., & Duarte, C. M. (2012). Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming. Nature Climate Change, 2(11), 821–824.
Khodja, A. (2013). Caractérisation de l'herbie à Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) de la cote occidentale algerienne (Cap Blanc) [Characterization of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) meadow on the Algerian western coast (Cap Blanc)]. University of Ahmed Ben Bella d'Oran1 Es Senia, Algeria.
Kiparissis, S., Fakiris, E., Papatheodorou, G., Geraga, M., Kornaros, M., Kapareliotis, A., & Ferentinos, G. (2011). Illegal trawling and induced invasive algal spread as collaborative factors in a Posidonia oceanica meadow degradation. Biological Invasions, 13(3), 669–678.
Leoni, V., Pasqualini, V., Pergent-Martini, C., Vela, A., & Pergent, G. (2006). Morphological responses of Posidonia oceanica to experimental nutrient enrichment of the canopy water. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 339(1), 1–14.
Lopez y Royo, C., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Casazza, G. (2010). Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) monitoring in Western Mediterranean: Implications for management and conservation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 171, 365–380.
Meinesz, A., Lefevre, J., & Astier, J. (1991). Impact of coastal development on the infralittoral zone along the Southeastern Mediterranean shore of Continental France. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 23, 343–347.
Montefalcone, M., Albertelli, G., Morri, C., & Bianchi, C. N. (2007). Urban seagrass: Status of Posidonia oceanica facing the Genoa City waterfront (Italy) and implications for management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(2), 206–213.
Mutlu, E., Duman, G. S., Karaca, D., Özvarol, Y., & Şahin, A. (2023). Biometrical variation of Posidonia oceanica with different bottom types along the entire Turkish Mediterranean coast. Ocean Science Journal, 58(1), 9.
Noureddine, B. (2012). Contribution à l'étude écologique de l'herbier à Posidonia océanica (L.) Delile (1813) de la frange cotière de Mostaganem: Etat de santé et relation entre plante et échinoderme [Contribution to the ecological study of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) meadow on the coastal fringe of Mostaganem: State of health and relationship between plant and echinoderm]. University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis of Mostaganem, Algeria.
Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M., Fourqurean, J. W., Heck Jr., K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick, G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., & Olyarnik, S. (2006). A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience, 56(12), 987–996.
Pasqualini, V., Clabaut, P., Pergent, G., Benyoussef, L., & Pergent-Martini, C. (2000). Contribution of side scan sonar to the management of Mediterranean littoral ecosystems. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(2), 367–378.
Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Boudouresque, C.-F. (1995). Utilisation de l'herbier à Posidonia oceanica comme indicateur biologique de la qualité du milieu littoral en Méditerranée: état des connaissances [Use of the Posidonia oceanica meadow as a biological indicator of the quality of the coastal environment in the Mediterranean: State of knowledge]. Mésogée, 54, 3–27 (in French).
Pergent-Martini, C., & Pergent, G. (2000). Marine phanerogams as a tool in the evaluation of marine trace-metal contamination: An example from the Mediterranean. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 13(1–6), 126–147.
Pergent-Martini, C., Leoni, V., Pasqualini, V., Ardizzone, G., Balestri, E., Bedini, R., Belluscio, A., Belsher, T., Borg, J., Boudouresque, C., Boumaza, S., Bouquegneau, J. M., Buia, M. C., Calvo, S., Cebrian, J., Charbonnel, E., Cinelli, F., Cossu, A., Di Maida, G., Dural, B., Francour, P., Gobert, S., Lepoint, G., Meinesz, A., Molenaar, H., Mansour, H. M., Panayotidis, P., Peirano, A., Pergent, G., Piazzi, L., Pirrotta, M., Relini, G., Romerot, J., Sanchez-Lizas, J. L., Semroudh, R., Shembri, P., Shili, A., Tomasello, A., & Velimiro, B. (2005). Descriptors of Posidonia oceanica meadows: Use and application. Ecological Indicators, 5(3), 213–230.
Pergent-Martini, C., Pasqualini, V., & Pergent, G. (1995). Monitoring of Posidonia oceanica meadows near the outfall of the sewage treatment plant at Marseille (Mediterranean–France). European Association for Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) advances in remote sensing, 4(1), 128–134.
Pergent-Martini, C., Rico-Raimondino, V., & Pergent, G. (1994). Primary production of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Basin. Marine Biology, 120(1), 9–15.
Ruiz, J., & Romero, J. (2003). Effects of disturbances caused by coastal constructions on spatial structure, growth dynamics and photosynthesis of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(12), 1523–1533.
Semroud, R. (1996). Contribution to understanding of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile ecosystem in the Algiers region (Algeria): Study of selected segments. MAP Technical Reports Series (UNEP). UNEP Publisher, Athens. Vol. 97.
Sghaier, Y., Zakhama-Sraieb, R., & Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F. (2006). Status of Posidonia oceanica meadows along the eastern coast of Tunisia. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 13(4), 85–91.
Spalding, M., Taylor, M., Ravilious, C., Short, F., & Green, E. (2003). The distribution and status of seagrasses. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Tektek, F. Z., Chahrour, F., Dermeche, S., Fatma, H., & Bouderbala, M. (2017). Evaluation of the health status of the Posidonia oceanica (Linné, 1813) Delile herbarium of a protected area: Case of Rachgoun Island (Benisaf, Algeria). Indian Journal of Applied Research, 7(10), 633–639.
Telesca, L., Belluscio, A., Criscoli, A., Ardizzone, G., Apostolaki, E. T., Fraschetti, S., Gristina, M., Knittweis, L., Martin, C. S., & Pergent, G. (2015). Seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica) distribution and trajectories of change. Scientific Reports, 5, 12505.
Tsirika, A., Skoufas, G., & Haritonidis, S. (2007). Seasonal and bathymetric variations of epiphytic macroflora on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (Greece). Marine Ecology, 28, 146–153.
UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA (2016). Mapping of key marine habitats in the Mediterranean and initiation of a monitoring network around the island of Rachgoun – West Algeria. – MedKeyHabitats II Project. CAR/ASP – Projet MedKey Habitats, Tunis.
Vasapollo, C., & Gambi, M. C. (2012). Spatio-temporal variability in Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows of the Western Mediterranean: Shoot density and plant features. Aquatic Biology, 16(2), 163–175.
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2023-07-27
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