Chemical composition of essential oil, FTIR, phytochemical profile of crude extract and biological activity of Pistacia lentiscus from Algeria

I. E. H. Nouar; M. Maatoug; M. Ait Hammou; F. Z. Abdeldjebbar; N. Bouriah; Z. Z. Maatoug

doi:10.15421/012520

I. E. H. Nouar Ibn Khaldoun University
M. Maatoug Ibn Khaldoun University
M. Ait Hammou Ibn Khaldoun University
F. Z. Abdeldjebbar Djilali Liabes University
N. Bouriah Ibn Khaldoun University
Z. Z. Maatoug Ibn Khaldoun University

Keywords: Pistacia lentiscus, GC-MS, FTIR, secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity.

Abstract

Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiacae) has been known in Algeria since ancient times for its medicinal properties. The purpose of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of P. lentiscus leaves growing in Chlef region using GC-MS. The plant organic fractions of the leaf powder were investigated by FTIR, determination of total phenolic and total flavonoids content, evaluation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract. The essential oil was rich in thirty-nine compounds . L imonene (17.7%) and α-pinene (15.8%) were the major co m ponents detected. The FTIR results showed a fairly wide and significant characteristic band of the -OH hydroxyl function group. TPC and TFC were determined to be 173.79 µg GAE/mg, and 58.73 µg QE/mg, respectively. The antioxidant a c tivity was found to be IC 50 = 14.90 µg/mL . The antimicrobial results, MIC, MBC, and MFC measurements indicated that P. lentiscus exhibited significant antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Overall, these data indicate that P. lentiscus leaves may be used for pharmaceutical application, nutraceutical and functional food industries.

References

Amessis‐Ouchemoukh, N., Madani, K., Falé, P. L., Serralheiro, M. L., & Araújo, M. E. (2014). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents of some Mediterranean medicinal plants and their potential role in the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and acetylcholinesterase activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 6–15.

Aouinti, F., Imelouane, B., Tahri, M., Wathelet, J. P., Amhamdi, H., & Elbachiri, A. (2013). New study of the essential oil, mineral composition and antibacterial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Eastern Morocco. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 40(8), 2873–2886.

Araruna, M. K., Brito, S. A., Morais-Braga, M. F., Santos, K. K., Souza, T. M., Leite, T. R., Costa, J. G., & Coutinho, H. D. (2012). Evaluation of antibiotic and antibiotic modifying activity of pilocarpine and rutin. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 135(2), 252–254.

Azib, L., Debbache-Benaida, N., Da Costa, G., Atmani-Kilani, D., Saidène, N., Ayouni, K., Richard, T., & Atmani, D. (2019). Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves extract and its major phenolic compounds reverse aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Industrial Crops and Products, 137, 576–584.

Baba Aissa, F. (2000). Medicinal plants in Algeria. Ed. Bouchène, Alger.

Babushok, V. I., Linstrom, P. J., & Zenkevich, I. G. (2011). Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 40(4), 043101.

Bakli, S., Harzallah, D., Zerroug, A., Sadrati, N., Asma, B., Soufiane, G., & Oumaima, N. (2020). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids extracted from Pistacia lentiscus L., leaves. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 10, 83–89.

Bammou, M., Daoudi, A., Slimani, I., Najem, M., Bouiamrine, E., Ibijbijen, J., & Nassiri, L. (2015). Development of the mastic tree "Pistacia lentiscus L.": Ethnobotanical study, phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 86(1), 7966–7975.

Barra, A., Coroneo, V., Dessì, S., Cabras, P., & Angioni, A. (2007). Characterization of the volatile constituents in the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from different origins and its antifungal and antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(17), 7093–7098.

Beghlal, D., Bairi, K. E., Marmouzi, I., Haddar, L., & Mohamed, B. (2016). Phytochemical, organoleptic and ferric reducing properties of essential oil and ethanolic extract from Pistacia lentiscus (L.). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(4), 305–310.

Belabbas, M., Sidhoum, M., Belahcene, N. F., & Amokrane, D. (2023). Phenolic profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Algerian Pistacia lentiscus L. leaf extract. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 9, 1039–1053.

Beldi, M., Boucheker, A., Djelloul, R., & Lazli, A. (2020). Physicochemical characterization and antibacterial and antifungal activities of Pistacia lentiscus oil in Northeastern Algeria. Catrina, 22(1), 57–69.

Belhachat, D., Aïd, F., Mekimène, L., & Belhachat, M. (2017). Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus berries ethanolic extract growing in Algeria. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 10(3), 273–285.

Ben Douissa, F., Hayder, N., Ghedira, L. C., Hammami, M., Ghedira, K., & Mariotte, A. M. (2005). New study of the essential oil from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) from Tunisia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20, 410–414.

Benhammou, N., & Atik Bakkara, F. (2009). Antibacterial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil at two sites in the Tlemcen region (Algeria). In: Greche, H., & Ennabili, A. (Éd.). Research on aromatic and medicinal plants. Proceedings of the International Congress Held March 22–24, 2007, Mezraoua (Taounate) & Fez, Morocco. Pp. 281–285.

Beraich, A., Farissi, H. E., Belbachir, Y., Cacciola, F., Yahyaoui, M. I., Choukoud, A., & Talhaoui, A. (2024). Traditional and modern extraction methods for Pistacia lentiscus essential oil. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 40, 101638.

Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181, 1199–1200.

Bouriche, H., Saidi, A., Ferradji, A., Belambri, S. A., & Senator, A. (2016). Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of Pistacia lentiscus extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 6(7), 140–146.

Bruneton, J. (1999). Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants. 3rd edition. Tec & Doc, Paris, Lavoisier. Pp. 418–419.

Burt, S. A. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods – A review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223–253.

Castola, V., Bighelli, A., & Casanova, J. (2000). Intraspecific chemical variability of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Corsica. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 28(1), 79–88.

Chaabani, E., Vian, M. A., Bott, R., Giniès, C., Defoort, C., Ksouri, R., & Chémat, F. (2020). Extraction of aromas from Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves using alternative solvents: COSMO-RS assisted solvent screening and GC-MS metabolites profiling. Separation Science And Technology, 55(4), 716–727.

Cheurfa, M., & Allem, R. (2015). Study of hypocholesterolemic activity of Algerian Pistacia lentiscus leaves extracts in vivo. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 25(2), 142–144.

Costa, M., Nogueira, J. M. F., Miguel, M. G., & Romano, A. (2003). In vitro mass clonal propagation of Dittrichia viscosa subsp. revoluta and analysis of its secondary metabolites. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78(3), 310–314.

Djidel, S., Khennouf, S., Ameni, D., Abdrrahmane, B., Arrar, L., & Charef, N. (2013). Antioxidant proprieties of Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves extracts. Pharmacognosy Communications, 3(2), 28–34.

Dob, T., Dahmane, D., & Chelghoum, C. (2006). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(3), 335–338.

Drioiche, A., Ailli, A., Remok, F., Saidi, S., Gourich, A. A., Asbabou, A., Kamaly, O. A., Saleh, A., Bouhrim, M., Tarik, R., Kchibale, A., & Zair, T. (2023). Analysis of the chemical composition and evaluation of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties of Pistacia lentiscus from boulemane as a natural nutraceutical preservative. Biomedicines, 11(9), 2372.

Duru, M. E., Çakır, A., Kordalı, Ş., Zengin, H., Harmandar, M., Izumi, S., & Hirata, T. (2003). Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species. Fitoterapia, 74(1–2), 170–176.

Edeoga, H. O., Okwu, D. E., & Mbaebie, B. O. (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(7), 685–688.

Ertaş, A., Fırat, M., Yener, İ., Akdeniz, M., Yiğitkan, S., Bakir, D., Çakır, C., Yılmaz, M. A., Öztürk, M., & Kolak, U. (2021). Phytochemical fingerprints and bioactivities of ripe disseminules (fruit-seeds) of seventeen gundelia (Kenger-Kereng Dikeni) species from Anatolia with chemometric approach. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 18(8), e2100207.

Fernández, A., Camacho, A., Fernández, C. E., Altarejos, J., & Perez, P. M. (2000). Composition of the essential oils from galls and aerial parts of Pistacia lentiscus L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(1), 19–23.

Ghenima, A. I., Moualek, I., Nadjet, M. G., Samia, M. A. E., Mihoub, Z. M., & Houali, K. (2015). In vitro evaluation of biological activities of Pistacia lentiscus aqueous extract. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(11), 133–139.

Hamel, T., Sadou, N., Seridi, R., Boukhdir, S., & Boulemtafes, A. (2018). Traditional practice of medicinal plant use in the population of the Edough Peninsula (Northeastern Algeria). Ethnopharmacologia, 59, 65–71.

Heilerová, Ľ., Bučková, M., Tarapčík, P., Šilhár, S., & Labuda, J. (2003). Comparison of antioxidative activity data for aqueous extracts of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) obtained by conventional methods and the DNA-based biosensor. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 21(2), 78–84.

Hemma, R., Belhadj, S., Ouahchia, C., & Saidi, F. (2018). Antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus methanolic extracts. Agrobiologia, 8(1), 845–852.

Holley, R. A., & Patel, D. (2005). Improvement in shelf-life and safety of perishable foods by plant essential oils and smoke antimicrobials. Food Microbiology, 22(4), 273–292.

Huang, D., Lin, C., Chen, H., & Lin, Y. (2004). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam ’Tainong 57’) constituents. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 45, 179–186.

Ismail, A., Lamia, H., Mohsen, H., & Bassem, J. (2012). Chemical composition and herbicidal effects of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil against weeds. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(4), 558–565.

Karumi, Y., Onyeyili, P. A., & Ogugbuaja, V. O. (2004). Identification of active principales of M. balsamina (balsam apple) leaf extract. Journal of Medical Sciences, 4, 179–182.

Lahlou, M. (2004). Methods to study the phytochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytotherapy Research, 18(6), 435–448.

Mojab, F., Kamalinejad, M., Ghaderi, N., & Vahidipour, H. R. (2003). Phytochemical screening of some species of Iranian plants. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(2), 77–82.

Mecherara-Idjeri, S., Hassani, A., Castola, V., & Casanova, J. (2008). Composition and chemical variability of the essential oil from Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Algeria. Part I: Leaf oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(1), 32–38.

Mechqoq, H., Hourfane, S., Yaagoubi, M. E., Hamdaoui, A. E., Msanda, F., Da Silva Almeida, J. R. G., Rocha, J. M., & Aouad, N. E. (2022). Phytochemical screening, and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and dermocosmetic activities of four Moroccan plants: Halimium antiatlanticum, Adenocarpus artemisiifolius, Pistacia lentiscus and Leonotis nepetifolia. Cosmetics, 9(5), 94.

Mehenni, C., Atmani-Kilani, D., Dumarçay, S., Perrin, D., Gérardin, P., & Atmani, D. (2016). Hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects of Pistacia lentiscus leaf and fruit extracts. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(3), 653–669.

Mıara, M. D., Bendıf, H., Hammou, M. A., & Teixidor-Toneu, I. (2018). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by nomadic peoples in the Algerian steppe. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 219, 248–256.

Mokhfi, F. Z., Bouzid, A., Senouci, H., Khendriche, Z., Baghdadi, T. A., & Doukani, K. (2024). Assessment of phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties and ftir studies of methanolic and ethanolic extract of Pistacia lentiscus from Algeria Tiaret Region. African Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(5), 2649–2658.

N’Guessan, K., Kadja, B., Zirihi, G. N., Traore, D., & Aké-Assi, L. (2009). Phytochemical screening of some Ivorian medicinal plants used in Krobou country (Agboville, Côte-d'Ivoire). Sciences and Nature, 6(1), 1–15.

Okusa, P., Penge, O., Devleeschouwer, M., & Duez, P. (2007). Direct and indirect antimicrobial effects and antioxidant activity of Cordia gilletii De Wild (Boraginaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112, 476–481.

Oloyede, O. I. (2005). Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4(6), 379–381.

Pacifico, S., Piccolella, S., Marciano, S., Galasso, S., Nocera, P., Piscopo, V., Fiorentino, A., & Monaco, P. (2014). LC-MS/MS profiling of a mastic leaf phenol enriched extract and its effects on H2O2 and Aβ(25–35) oxidative injury in SK-B-NE(C)-2 cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(49), 11957–11966.

Palevitch, D., & Yaniv, Z. (2000). Medicinal plants of the Holy Land. Modan Publishing House, Tel-Aviv.

Rawani, A., Pal, S., & Chandra, G. (2011). Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of four plant extracts against human pathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1), S71–S75.

Salhi, A., Bellaouchi, R., Barkany, S. E., Rokni, Y., Bouyanzer, A., Asehraou, A., Amhamdi, H., Zarrouk, A., & Hammouti, B. (2019). Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from Pistacia lentiscus leaves. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17(3), 189–198.

Selmi, H., Dhifallah, A., Bahri, A., Jedidi, S., Abbes, C., & Rouissi, H. (2020). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Pistacia lentiscus and Rosmarinus officinalis essentials oils. Journal of New Sciences, 69(1), 2286–5314.

Smail-Saadoun, N. (2005). Stomatal types of the genus Pistacia: Pistacia atlantica Desf. ssp. atlantica and Pistacia lentiscus L. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, 63, 369–371.

Soni, H. (2013). Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity of the hydrogels containing rutin delivery. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25(15), 8371–8373.

Tiwari, B. K., Valdramidis, V., O’Donnell, C. P., Muthukumarappan, K., Bourke, P., & Cullen, P. J. (2009). Application of natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(14), 5987–6000.

Vardar-Ünlü, G., Candan, F., Sökmen, A., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M. G., Sökmen, M., Dönmez, E., & Tepe, B. (2003). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(1), 63–67.

Zrira, S., Elamrani, A., & Benjilali, B. (2003). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Morocco – a seasonal variation. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(6), 475–480.