Cotoneaster integerrimus (Rosaceae) within the Ukrainian Carpathians: Ecological and phytocoenotic characteristics
Abstract
Cotoneaster integerrimus is a rare species in the Ukrainian Carpathians and a valuable medicinal plant. However, information on its distribution, ecological, and phytocenotic preferences in this part of its range has been lacking until now, both in Ukraine and in international databases (Euro+Med Base; POWO). Based on an analysis of materials from national herbaria of various scientific institutions in Ukraine and on the basis of our own field research, information on the distribution of C. integerrimus in Ukraine and the Ukrainian Carpathians has been summarized for the first time; phytocenoses involving this species have been identified, and their syntaxonomic affiliation and specific ecological conditions have been determined. It has been established that this species is rare in the Ukrainian Carpathians, and currently 29 locations are reliably known, 18 of which are recorded in the highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians and 11 in the forest zone. The species has been found in the following floristic regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians : the Pre-Carpathians, the Chyvch yny -Hryniav y Mountains, Svidovets, Chornohora, the, and the Eastern Beskids. In the forest zone, the species occurs extremely rarely and sporadically. In the subalpine zone, in certain ecotopes, it exhibits high phytocenotic activity and, together with other montane species, forms rare communities of the Cetrario islandicae-Cotoneasteretum integerrimi association, which we describe for the first time and which differs significantly from all previously described associations with C. integerrimus in Central Europe. The association belongs to the class Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1960, order Rhododendro ferruginei-Vaccinietalia Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926, and alliance Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926. The habitats of these plant communities are characterized by extreme conditions, including high solar radiation, high air humidity, and a short growing season. These are rocky mountain peaks at elevations of 1,200–1,700 m a.s.l. with a thin soil layer, subject to strong cold winds, water erosion, and significant temperature fluctuations throughout the year. The floristic composition is rich in montane, boreal, arctoboreal, and arcto-alpine species, including five endemic species of the Carpathian s . The communities identified in the Ukrainian Carpathians are a component of the biotope “Alpine and subalpine heath” (No. 4060), protected by EC Directive 92/43. To protect these rare communities and the aforementioned priority biotope, it is proposed to expand the area of the Pryvododilny i Forest Reserve and the Piku i Landscape Reserve in the Eastern Beskids to protect the primary high-altitude relict communities of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The question of why this species has not been mentioned to date in phytosociological studies of the Ukrainian Carpathians remains a matter of debate. Presumably, in high-altitude areas under conditions of climate warming, the species is expanding its range and increasing its competitiveness among boreal and arcto-alpine species, acting as a temperature-sensitive element of the flora that signals gradual changes in the veget a tion cover of the subalpine zone under current conditions.References
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