Ecology of seed germination and features of ontogeny of floating mat-forming hygrogelophyte Calla palustris (Araceae) under laboratory conditions

Keywords: ecology of germination, type of seed dormancy, seed productivity, features of ontogeny

Abstract

This article examines the ecology of germination and the features of ontogenesis of the floating mat-forming hygrogelophyte Calla palustris L. in the territory of some regions in the central part of European Russia and the Republic of Belarus under laboratory conditions. It has been found that in the surveyed territory in the dense ear-like collective fruit of C. palustris, 40.7 ± 6.4 fruits, juicy berries, are formed and the number of seeds produced (actual seed productivity), averages 164.0 ± 89.3. Widely varying data on the number of berries in the collective fruit, as well as a variable number of ovules in them, shows that the seed productivity of C. palustris depends on a whole range of endogenous and exogenous factors, including the effectiveness of pollination of flowers by insects. In laboratory experiments, various storage periods (2 and 12 months) and methods of presowing seed treatment (stratification, drying, ice-freezing) were applied to simulate the ecological conditions of the growth of white alder. It is shown that freshly harvested seeds do not germinate at once, and wet cold stratification makes it possible to achieve maximum values of laboratory germination (from 84.4 to 99.0) and germination energy (from 66.6 to 88.3). Given that the features of germination are indicators of dormancy, it is demonstrated that seeds of C. palustris are in a state of shallow physiological dormancy, conditioned by the physiological mechanism of inhibition. Along with dry storage, wet cold stratification is the main way for seeds to enter a non-dormant state. Such mechanisms are consistent with the climatic features of the regions in which the species grows. It is found that C. palustris seeds, in common with many other species of hygrogelophytes, can float on the water surface for a long time (more than 30 days), spreading with water flow (hydrochoria). Seeds of C. palustris are photosensitive, germination is observed in a wide range of temperatures – from 10–14 to 30 ºС (at constant humidity), type of germination – underground (hypogeal). It is found that ontogeny of individuals of generative origin of C. palustris in the laboratory is terminated (the plants died after passing the juvenile ontogenetic state). The formation of C. palustris seedlings under laboratory conditions lasts 23–25 days and is characterized by the appearance of the main organs of the plant and the anisotropic growth of the shoot axis. At the final stage of development, the seedling is represented by a uniaxial monopodial and anisotropic growing rosette shoot with shortened internodes. The juvenile ontogenetic state in laboratory conditions lasts up to 7 months, after which the plants die off. In the framework of ontomorphogenesis, the stages of ontogenetic development under study (the seedling and the juvenile plant) correspond to the phase of the primary uniaxial rosette shoot. The plant in this period is represented by a uniaxial monopodially growing anchorage shoot. The detection of virgin plants in natural conditions indicates the possibility of their further development from the rudiments of generative origin. The main way of the species reproduction is vegetative, characteristic of most aquatic and semi-aquatic plants. In the course of ontogenesis, progressive features of development such as cotyledon greening and early death of the radicle root have been revealed.

References

Barabé, D., & Labrecque, M. (1983). Vascularisation de la fleur de Calla palustris (Araceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 61, 1718–1726.

Barrett, S. C. H. (2010). Understanding plant reproductive diversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 99–109.

Belyakov, E. A., & Lapirov, A. G. (2015). Fruit germination of some representatives of the family Sparganiaceae Rudolphi under laboratory conditions. Inland Water Biology, 8(1), 33–37.

Cabrera, L. I., Gerardo, A. S., Chase, M. W., Mayo, S. J., Bogner, J., & Dávila, P. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duck-weeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid DNA. American Journal of Botany, 95(9), 1153–1165.

Crocker, W., & Barton, L. V. (1955). Fiziologiya semyan [Physiology of seeds]. Izdatelstvo Inostrannoy Literatury, Moscow (in Russian).

Cusimano, N., Bogner, J., Mayo, S. J., Boyce, P. C., Wong, S. Y., Hesse, M., Hetterscheid, W. L. A., Keating, R. C., & French, J. C. (2011). Relationships within the Araceae: Comparison of morphological patterns with molecular phylogenies. American Journal of Botany, 98(4), 654–668.

Dudley, M. G. (1937). Morphological and cytological studies of Calla palustris. Botanical Gazette, 98(3), 556–571.

Eber, W. (1983). Untersuchungen zur Populationsbiologie von Calla palustris L. Tuexenia, 3, 417–421 (in German).

Efremov, A. P., & Alekseev, Y. E. (1983). Belokrylnik bolotnyy (Calla palustris). Biological Flora of the Moskow Region, 7, 67–82 (in Russian).

Godefroid, S., van de Vyver, A., & Vanderborght, T. (2010). Germination capacity and viability of threatened speciescollections in seed banks. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 1365–1383.

Henriquez, C. L., Arias, T., Pires, J. C., Croat, T. B., & Schaal, B. A. (2014). Phylogenomics of the plant family Araceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 75, 91–102.

Hlyzova, N. Y. (2011). Belokrylnik bolotnyy – Calla palustris L. In: Krasnaya kniga Voronezhskoy oblasti. Т. 1. Rasteniya. Lishayniki. Griby [The Red Book of the Voronezh Oblast. Vol. 1. Plants. Lichens. Fungi]. Modek, Voronezh (in Russian).

Hohryakov, A. P. (1975). Somaticheskaya ehvolyuciya odnodol’nyh [Somatic evolution of monocots]. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

Hutchinson, G. E. (1975). A treatise on limnology. Volume 1. Geography, physics, and chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Kalamees, R., & Zobel, M. (2002). The role of the seed bank in gap regeneration in a calcareous grassland community. Ecology, 83(4), 1017–1025.

Lapirov, A. G., Belyakov, E. A., & Lebedeva, O. A. (2017). Biomorphology and rhythm of seasonal development of the relic species Lobelia dortmanna in oligotrophic lakes of Tver region. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 8(3), 349–355 (in Russian).

Levina, R. E. (1981). Reproduktivnaya biologiya semennyh rasteniy [Reproductive biology of seed plants]. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

Mahlin, M. D. (1984). Po alleyam gidrosada [Along the alleyways of the hydroside]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian).

Nauheimer, L., Metzler, D., & Renner, S. S. (2012). Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred with models accounting for past continental positions and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytologist, 195, 938–950.

Nikolaeva, M. G., Lyanguzova, I. V., & Pozdova, L. M., (1999). Biologiya semyan [Biology of Seeds]. NII Khimii St. Peterburg Gos. Univ., St. Petersburg (in Russian).

Nilsson, C., Brown, R. L., Jansson, R., & Merritt, D. M. (2010). The role of hydrochory in structuring riparian and wetland vegetation. Biological Reviews, 85(4), 837–858.

Nugroho, B. T. A., & Santika, Y. (2008). Exploration and inventory of Araceae genera in Silui Mountain and Uluisimbone Forest, Kolaka Regency, South-East Sulawesi. Biodiversitas, 9(4), 288–291.

Pan, J. J., & Price, J. S. (2001). Fitness and evolution in clonal plants: The impact of clonal growth. Evolutionary Ecology, 15(4–6), 583–600.

Rudskiy, I. V., Titova, G. E., & Batygina, T. B. (2011). Analysis of space-temporal symmetry in the early embryogenesis of Calla palustris L., Araceae. Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 6(2), 82–106.

Sarneel, J. M. (2013). The dispersal capacity of vegetative propagules of riparian fen species. Hydrobiologia, 710, 219–225.

Savinykh, N. P., & Cheryomushkina, V. A. (2015). Biomorphology: Current status and prospects. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 8(5), 541–549.

Scribailo, R. W., & Tomlinson, P. B. (1992). Shoot and floral development in Calla palustris (Araceae – Calloideae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153(1), 1–13.

Shannon, E. L. (1953). The production of root hairs by aquatic plants. The American Midland Naturalist, 50(2), 474–479.

Silanteva, M. M. (2016). Calla palustris L. – Belokrylnik bolotnyy. In: Krasnaya kniga Altayskogo kraya. T. 1. Redkie i nahodyashchiesya pod ugrozoy ischeznoveniya vidy rasteniy i gribov [Red Book of the Altai territory. Vol. 1. Rare and endangered species of plants and fungi]. Izdatelstvo Altayskogo Universiteta, Barnaul (in Russian).

Ulrich, S., Hesse, M., Broderbauer, D., Bogner, J., Weber, M., & Halbritter, H. (2013). Calla palustris (Araceae): New palynological insights with special regard to its controversial systematic position and to closely related genera. Taxon, 62, 701–712.

van Leeuwen, C. H. A., Sarneel, J. M., van Paassen, J., Rip, W. J., & Bakker, E. S. (2014). Hydrology, shore morphology and species traits affect seed dispersal, germination and community assembly in shoreline plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 102, 998–1007.

Vishnitskaya, O. N. (2009). Biomorfologiya nekotoryh splavinoobrazuyushchih gigrogelofitov [Biomorphology of some floating mat-forming hygrogelophytes]. Syktyvkar (in Russian).
Published
2017-11-19
Section
Articles