Distribution of species of Fusarium and Alternaria genera on cereals in Ukraine

Keywords: Wheat; Diseases; fusariosis; fungicide; phytosanitary situation; wheat grain

Abstract

In recent years phytosanitary situation in agrophytocenooses has worsened, and damage caused by diseases increased. In the conditions of field experiments in the vegetative seasons of 2015–2018 the dissemination of Fusarium and Alternaria spp., and composition of Fusarium species in Ukraine were studied. The selection of plant samples was carried out twice – at the beginning of vegetation and before entering into wintering. In autumn the samples of winter wheat with the symptoms of root rot from more than 150 fields from different oblasts of Ukraine were selected. Later these samples were analyzed using PCR method in real time to determine the species composition of Fusarium genus. In the analysis of grain material from different regions of Ukraine we determined high level of Fusarium infection. Fusariosis of grain were observed in several areas in more than 50% of samples from all regions of county. In all oblasts of Ukraine, the high level of Alternarìa infection were identified also. It is found out that the main sources of the root rot are F. tricinctum, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. avenaceum. The role of F. avenaceum, as the pathogen of root rot was at the level of F. graminearum and F. sporotrichioides in most regions of Ukraine. The studies reveiled that the dominant species in the grain material were F. tricinctum and F. graminearum, presence of which exceeded 20–25%. Quite often F. poae and F. sporotrichioides was observed, presence of which in grain equaled 15–20%. In the Central, Eastern and Southern regions, the dominant species was F. avenaceum with a level of identification 15–23%. F. culmorum, F. langsethiae were within 5–7%. The species composition of fusariosis in the grain and the species composition of pathogens that cause fusariosis root rot in general are similar. Fusariosis becomes one of the most common and harmful diseases of grain crops, and cause no less harm than smut diseases. The fact that their danger continues to grow is explained by adverse weather conditions (alternation of wet and arid periods) and reduction of general level of cultivation: distribution of corn fields, decrease of expenses on tillage, and low-quality pesticides, often generics. It should be noted that the best precursors for cereal crops, for example, soy bean, is also vulnerable to fusariosis. Therefore, performing protective measures at preparing of grain for sowing and in the period of vegetation of the crop will contribute to total reduction of the levels of infection of agrophytocenoses with Fusarium species and potential damage to the cultivated plants. The study revealed that species of fungi belonging to the Alternaria and Fusarium genera infect wheat grain in the yields of each year. The results of data analysis of the genera showed antagonistic interaction between them. Perhaps, particularly at such negative interaction in the vegetative season of 2018, during, practically continuous warm rains in the "grain belt" of Ukraine during the generative period of development of wheat, the grain was infected with Alternaria spp. at moderate presence of Fusarium species. These patterns in the interaction of Alternaria and Fusarium spp. are expedient to be taken into account during development of systems of control of fusariosis using fungicides. Absence of contamination of grains with mycotoxins of Fusarium species does not reduce the levels of danger for crops posed by probable increase in the levels of presence of Alternaria mycotoxins – alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, etc. Certainly, the results of the vegetation season of 2018 year and the large-scale alternariosis infication require clarifications to the current normative documentation. The conducted researches are important for improvement of protection systems for crops in intensive technologies of cultivation.

References

Beli, D., Laze, A., Stafasani, M., Varaku, S., & Ceca, E. (2017). Influence of fusariosis in the biochemical and rheological properties of different wheat cultivars. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 4(9), 8250–8255.


Bilay, V. I. (1955). Fuzarii (biologiya i sistematika) [Fusarium (biology and systematic)]. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kyiv (in Russian).


Bilay, V. I. (1977). Fuzarii (biologiya i sistematika) [Fusarium (biology and systematic)]. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv (in Russian).


Cheli, F., Pinotti, L., Novacco, M., Ottoboni, M., Tretola, M., & Dell’Orto, V. (2017). Mycotoxins in wheat and mitigation measures. Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization, 11, 227–251.


Cuperlovic-Culf, M., Wang, L., Forseille, L., Boyle, K., Merkley, N., Burton, I., & Fobert, P. R. (2016). Metabolic biomarker panels of response to Fusarium head blight infection in different wheat varieties. PloS One, 11(4), e0153642.


Drehval, O. A., Dreus, A. A., Cherevach, N. V., & Sklyar, T. V. (2018). Strains of soil microorganisms promising for the creation of a complex plant protection product against mycoses and harmful insects. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 9(1), 69–74.


Figueroa, M., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., & Solomon, P. S. (2018). A review of wheat diseases – A field perspective. Molecular Plant Pathology, 19(6), 1523–1536.


Fraeyman, S., Croubels, S., Devreese, M., & Antonissen, G. (2017). Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicokinetics. Toxins, 9, 228.


Gagkaeva, Т., Gannibal, F. B., & Gavrilova, О. P. (2012). Zarazhennost zerna pshenitsyi gribami Fusarium i Alternaria na yuge Rossii v 2010 godu [Infection of wheat grain with fungi Fusarium and Alternaria in outhern Russia in 2010]. Protection and Plant Quarantine, 5, 37–41 (in Russian).


Gannibal, F. B. (2014). Alternarioz zerna – sovremennyiy vzglyad na problemu [Alternaria disease of grain – modern view of the problem]. Protection and Plant Quarantine, 6, 11–15 (in Russian).


Godfray, H. C., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812–818.


Grabowski, A., Siuda, R., Lenc, L., & Jaroszuk-S’cisel, J. (2012). Effects of the degree of fusariosis on the physical characteristics of individual wheal kernels. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(6), 1122–1129.


Hrytsev, O. A., Zozulya, O. L., Vorobieva, N. G., & Skvika, L. M. (2018). Monitoryng vydovogo skladu grybiv rodu Fusarium u nasinnevomu materiali ozymoji pshenytsi na teritoriji Ukrajiny [Monitoring of the species composition of fungi of the genus Fusarium in the seed of winter wheat in Ukraine]. Microbiology and Biotechnology, 42, 81–89 (in Ukrainian).


Hysing, S. C., & Wiik, L. (2014). Fusarium seedling blight of wheat and oats: Effects of infection level and fungicide seed treatments on agronomic characters. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B – Soil and Plant Science, 64(6), 537–546.


Kosiaka, B., Torpa, M., Skjerveb, E., & Andersen, B. (2004). Alternaria and Fusarium in Norwegian grains of reduced quality a matched pair sample study. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 93, 51–62.


Lamichhane, J. R., & Venturi, V. (2015). Synergisms between microbial pathogens in plant disease complexes: A growing trend. Frontiers Plant Science, 6, 385.


Magan, N., & Aldred, D. (2007). Why do fungi produce mycotoxins? In: Dijksterhuis, J., Samson, A. (Eds). Food mycology: A multifaceted approach to fungi and food. CRC Press, New York. Pp. 121–133.


Morgun, V. V., Schwartau, V. V., & Kyriziy, D. A. (2010). Fiziologichni osnovy formuvannia vysokoji produktyvnosti zernovyh zlakiv [Physiological basis of high productivity formation of cereals]. Physiology and Biochemistry of Cultivated Plants, 42(5), 371–392 (in Ukrainian).


Retman, S. V. (2008). Fitopatogennyj kompleks ozymoji pshenytsi v Lisostepu Ukrajiny [Phytopathogenic complex of winter wheat in the forest-steppe of Ukraine]. Quarantine and Plant Protection, 4, 53–58 (in Ukrainian).


Retman, S. V., & Kislyh, T. M. (2011). Fuzarioz kolosu. Analiz zmin u fitopatogennomu kompleksi [Fusariosis of the ear. Analysis of changes in the pathogenic complex of pathogens]. Quarantine and Plant Protection, 2, 1–3 (in Ukrainian).


Retman, S. V., Mikhailenko, S. V., & Shevchuk, O. V. (2008). Ozima pshenitsya: Zahist posiviv vid hvorob [Winter wheat: Protecting crops from diseases]. Quarantine and Plant Protection, 11, 1–4 (in Ukrainian).


Sanin, O. Y., Mykhalska, L. M., Dolhalova, Y. A., Zozulya, O. L., & Schwartau, V. V. (2019). Vplyv fungitsydiv i dobryv na vmist mikotoksyniv u zerni vysokoproduktyvnyh sortiv ozymoji pshenytsi [Influence of fungicides and fertilizers on the contents of mycotoxins in grain of highly productive winter wheat varieties]. Plant Physiology and Genetics, 51(1), 67–75 (in Ukrainian).


Schiro, G., Verch, G., Grimm, V., & Müller, M. E. H. (2018). Alternaria and Fusarium fungi: Differences in distribution and spore deposition in a topographically heterogeneous wheat field. Journal of Fungi (Basel), 4(2), e63.


Schwartau, V. V., Zozulya, O. L., Mykhalska, L. M., & Sanin, O. Y. (2016). Fuzariozy kulturnyh roslyn [Fusariosis of cultivated plants]. Logos, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).


Weikl, F., Ghirardo, A., Schnitzler, J.-P., & Pritsch, K. (2016). Sesquiterpene emissions from Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum: Effects of age, nutrient availability, and co-cultivation. Scientific Reports 6, 22152.


Wiese, M. V. (1987). Compendium of wheat diseases. 2nd ed. APS Press, St. Paul.


Wilson, A., Simpson, D., Chandler, E., Jennings, P., & Nicholson, P. (2004). Development of PCR assays for the detection and differentiation of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 233(1), 69–76.


Xu, X. M., Parry, D. W., Nicholson, P., Thomsett, M. A., Simpson, D., Edwards, S. G., Cooke, B. M., Doohan, F. M., Brennan, J. M., Moretti, A., Tocco, G., Mule, G., Hornok, L., Giczey, G., & Tatnell, J. (2005). Predominance and association of pathogenic fungi causing Fusarium ear blight in wheat in four European countries. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 112(2), 143–154.

Published
2019-03-04
Section
Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)