Endoparasites of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) in Southern Ukraine
Keywords:
Trichostrongylus retortaeformis; Nematodirus leporis; Passalurus ambiguus; Taenia pisiformis; Eimeria spp
Abstract
One of the main tasks of ecological parasitology at the present stage is to establish patterns of spread of invasive diseases of animals in the environment through a thorough epidemiological examination, as well as to determine the main directions and factors of spread of parasites in Ukraine. Among the many pathogens, endoparasites play a major role in a number of diseases in rabbits with increased morbidity and mortality. In the body of both wild and domestic rabbits several species of parasites that form a parasitocenosis can be localized. The latter have a pathogenic effect on organs and tissues, leading to reduced weight gain, premature slaughter and even mortality. The prevalence of endoparasitoses was studied in weaned rabbits 60 days of age, 120 days of age at fattening, 180 days of age – mating age and adults of 320 days of age to determine the extensiveness and intensity of the dominant invasion. A total of 720 head was studied, 180 animals from each age group. Three species of nematodes were recorded in the rabbits: Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder, 1800), Nematodirus leporis (Ransom, 1907) and Passalurus ambiguus (Rudolphi, 1819); the cestode Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780); three species of Emeria: Eimeria stiedae (Lindermann, 1865), which parasitizes in the bile ducts of the liver and gallbladder, E. magna (Perard, 1925) and E. media (Kessel, 1929) – in the epithelial cells of the intestine. The prevalence of the infestation depends on the age of the animals. According to the data obtained, eimeriosis was one of the main parasitic diseases of the rabbits. Dominant invasions of Eimeria in the intestines of 60-day-old rabbits were found in the studied animals, their extensiveness reached 19.4%, while the spread of hepatic Eimeria was registered in 13.3% of the examined rabbits. The total infestation of weaned rabbits with helminths was 22.2%, in rabbits for fattening – 26.7%, and in rabbits of mating age and adults – 20.0% and 20.6%, respectively. Global climate change will change the distribution and dynamics of soil-borne helminthiases, but host immunity may also affect host-parasite interactions. Subsequent studies will be aimed at elucidating the effect of mono and mixed invasions on the body of rabbits. Updated data on helminthiasis will expand the screening strategy to maintain rabbit health and reduce economic losses.References
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Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019). The impact of acids approved for use in foods on the vitality of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus (Nematoda) larvae. Helminthologia, 56(3), 202–210.
Boyko, O. O., Zazharska, N. M., & Brygadyrenkо, V. V. (2016). The influence of the extent of infestation by helminths upon changes in body weight of sheep in Ukraine. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University, Biology, Ecology, 24(1), 3–7.
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Cattadori, I. M., Albert, R., & Boag, B. (2007). Variation in host susceptibility and infectiousness generated by co-infection: The myxoma-Trichostrongylus retortaeformis case in wild rabbits. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 4(16), 831–840.
Cattadori, I. M., Pathak, A. K., & Ferrari, M. J. (2019). External disturbances impact helminth-host interactions by affecting dynamics of infection, parasite traits, and host immune responses. Ecology and Evolution, 9(23), 13495–13505.
Chen, G., Wang, L., Liu, T., Li, Y., Zhang, S., Li, H., & Luo, X. (2021). Identification and expression profiling of circulating microRNAs in serum of Cysticercus pisiformis-infected rabbits. Genes, 12(10), 1591.
Chylinski, C., Boag, B., Stear, M. J., & Cattadori, I. M. (2009). Effects of host characteristics and parasite intensity on growth and fecundity of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis infections in rabbits. Parasitology, 136(1), 117‒123.
Dolbin, D. A., Tiurin, I. A., & Khairullin, R. M. (2012). Algorithm for the coproscopic diagnosis of human intestinal parasites. Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2, 30–32.
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Hajipour, N., & Zavarshani, M. (2020). Ectoparasites and endoparasites of New Zealand white rabbits from North West of Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 15(2), 266–271.
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Hrženjak, N. M., Zadravec, M., Švara, T., & Račnik, J. (2021). Hepatic coccidiosis in two pet rabbits. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 36, 53–56.
Jiménez, B., Maya, C., Velásquez, G., Torner, F., Arambula, F., Barrios, J. A., & Velasco, M. (2016). Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system. Experimental Parasitology, 166, 164–172.
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Kirillova, N. Y., Kirillov, A. A., & Ruchin, A. B. (2021). First record of helminths of the European pine vole, Microtus subterraneus (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in Russia with overview on the rodent’s range. Russian Journal of Theriology, 20(1), 19–24.
Kirillova, N. Y., Kirillov, A. A., Ruchin, A. B., & Trukhachev, M. V. (2020). Helminth fauna of Microtus cf. arvalis (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in Russia and adjacent countries. Biodiversitas, 21, 1961–1979.
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Kornaś, S., Kowal, J., Wierzbowska, I., Basiaga, M., Nosal, P., & Niedbała, P. (2015). The Alice ‒ “Follow the White Rabbit” ‒ parasites of farm rabbits based on coproscopy. Annals of Parasitology, 61(4), 257–261.
Laakkonen, J., Nyyssönen, T., Hiltunen, M., Kauhala, K., Nikander, S., & Soveri, T. (2006). Effects of Protostrongylus sp. and Pneumocystis sp. on the pulmonary tissue and the condition of mountain and brown hares from Finland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 42(4), 780–787.
Ladron de Guevara, O. S., Perez-Rivero, J. J., Perez-Martinez, M., Flores-Perez, F. I., & Romero-Callejas, E. (2019). Eimeria spp. in broiler rabbit: Seasonal prevalence in the backyard farms of the State of Mexico. Veterinaria Italiana, 55(2), 183–187.
Lans, C., & Turner, N. (2011). Organic parasite control for poultry and rabbits in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7, 21.
Li-Qun, W., Ting-Li, L., Pan-Hong, L., Shao-Hua, Z., Tao-Shan, L., Yan-Ping, L., Guang-Xue, L., Li, M., & Xue-Nong, L. (2020). Characterization of exosome-like vesicles derived from Taenia pisiformis cysticercus and their immunoregulatory role on macrophages. Parasit and Vectors, 13(1), 318–334.
Mäkitaipale, J., Karvinen, I., Virtala, A. K., & Näreaho, A. (2017). Prevalence of intestinal parasites and risk factor analysis for Eimeria infections in Finnish pet rabbits. Veterinary Parasitology, Regional Studies and Reports, 9, 34–40.
Mignatti, A., Boag, В., & Cattadori, I. M. (2016). Host immunity shapes the impact of climate changes on the dynamics of parasite infections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(11), 2970‒2975.
Nakao, M., Sasaki, M., Waki, T., Iwaki, T., Morii, Y., Yanagida, K., Watanabe, M., Tsuchitani, Y., Saito, T., & Asakawa, M. (2019). Distribution records of three species of Leucochloridium (Trematoda: Leucochloridiidae) in Japan, with comments on their microtaxonomy and ecology. Parasitology International, 72, 101936.
Nasser, H., & Zavarshani, M. (2020). Ectoparasites and endoparasites of New Zealand White Rabbits from North West of Iran. Iran Journal Parasitology, 15(2), 266‒271.
Nowland, M. H., Brammer, D. W., Garcia, A., & Rush, H. G. (2015). Biology and diseases of rabbits. In: Fox, J. G., Anderson, L. C., Otto, G. M., Pritchett-Corning, & Whary, M. T. (Eds.). Laboratory Animal Medicine. Academic Press. Pp. 411–461.
Ola-Fadunsin, S. D., Hussain, K., Rabiu, M., & Ganiyu, I. А. (2018). Parasitic conditions of domestic owned rabbits in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria: Retrospective evaluation, risk factors and co-infestations. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 6(2), 208–212.
Owuor, S. A., Mamati, E. G., & Kasili, R. W. (2019). Origin, genetic diversity, and population structure of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Kenya. BioMed Research International, 2019, 7056940.
Pilarczyk, B., Tomza-Marciniak, A., Pilarczyk, R., Januś, E., Stanek, P., Seremak, B., & Sablik, P. (2020). The effect of the sex, age, and breed of farmed rabbits and the choice of management system on the extensity and intensity of Eimeria infection. Veterinary World, 13(8), 1654–1660.
Rinaldi, L., Russo, T., Schioppi, M., Pennacchio, S., & Cringoli, G. (2007). Passalurus ambiguus: New insights into copromicroscopic diagnosis and circadian rhythm of egg excretion. Parasitology Research, 101(3), 557–561.
Sergi, V., Romeo, G., Serafini, M., Torretta, E., & Macchioni, F. (2018). Endoparasites of the european hare (Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778)) in Central Italy. Helminthologia, 55(2), 127–133.
Sharma, R., Kapoor, D., & Kumar, R. (2017). A rare case of verminous pneumonia in domestic rabbit. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 41(3), 716–717.
Shola, D. O.-F., Nuhu, A. A., Fabiyi, J. P., Sanda, I. M., Hussain, K., Rabiu, M., Isau, A., & Ganiyu, I. A. (2019). Prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria species in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Annals of Parasitology, 65(3), 267–273.
Silva, S. M., Ferreira, C., Paupério, J., Silva, R. M., Alves, P. C., & Lemos, A. (2015). Coccidiosis in European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) populations in the Iberian Peninsula. Acta Parasitologica, 60(2), 350–355.
Simmonds, R. C. (2017). Chapter 4. Bioethics and animal use in programs of research, teaching, and testing. In: Weichbrod, R. H., Thompson, G. A. H., & Norton, J. N. (Eds.). Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton. Pp. 1–28.
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