Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in Pulias Bay, Indonesia
Keywords:
Celebes; diversity; mangroves of Teluk Pulias; Shannon-Wiener diversity index; Rhizophoraceae
Abstract
As an ecosystem, the mangrove ecosystem serves various purposes. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the community structure of the important value index; and (2) evaluate the importance of the mangrove species diversity index in Pulias Bay in Ogodeide District, Tolitoli Regency. The study was conducted in 2021 using a quantitative descriptive methodology and survey method. The number of discovered species will be used to establish the species composition. The structure of the mangrove communities is being evaluated by calculating the relative density (RD) and frequency (FR). The data is tabulated to calculate the Important Value Index (IVI) value according to the Shannon-Wiener formula. There were 18 different species of mangroves discovered, including Rhizophora apiculata, Rh. mucronata, Rh. stylosa, Bruguiera parviflora, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris, S. ovata, Avicennia lanata, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Acrostichum aureum, Nypa fruticans, and Pemphis acidula. The Rhizophoraceae family predominated at each observation station, according to the findings of the vegetation analysis. Meanwhile the most rarely found species of mangrove were Acrostichum aureum, Sonneratia casiolaris, and Xylocarpus moluccensis, each with two specimens. The community structure reveals that X. moluccensis has the lowest IVI value of 12.7%, while Rhizophora mucronata has an IVI value of 101.3%. The mangrove Diversity Index (H') has a value of 2.48 and meets the standards for moderate diversity. Physical and chemical parameter measurements often indicate that the four stations or sites where the data was collected have similar conditions. Interestingly, we also found Avicennia lanata, a mangrove species that falls under the Vulnerable category. The collected information can be used to manage the mangrove forest in Pulias Bay in the Ogodeide Sub-District of the Tolitoli Regency and serve as a database for efforts to conserve mangroves and mitigate the effects of global warming.References
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Asuk, S. A., Offiong, E. E., Ifebueme, N. M., & Akpaso, E. O. (2018). Species composition and diversity of mangrove swamp forest in Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(2), 166–171.
Baderan, K. D. W., Hamidun, M. S., Lamangantjo, C., & Retnowati, Y. (2015). Diversification of mangrove fruit-based products as an alternative food source in Toroseaje Coastal Communities, Pohuwato District, Gorontalo. Proceedings of the Indonesian Biodiversity Society, 2015, 341–347.
Basyuni, M., Gultom, K., Fitri, A., Susetya, I. E., Wati, R. I. D. H. A., Slamet, B., Sulistiyono, N., Yusriani, E., Balke, T., & Bunting, P. (2018). Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(1), 311–317.
Calabon, M. S., Sadaba, R. B., & Campos, W. L. (2019). Fungal diversity of mangrove-associated sponges from New Washington, Aklan, Philippines. Mycology, 10(1), 6–21.
Chang, Y., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Flow modification associated with mangrove trees in a macro-tidal flat, Southern China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 38(2), 1–10.
Dewiyanti, I., Darmawi, D., Muchlisin, Z. A., Helmi, T. Z., Imelda, I., & Defira, C. N. (2021). Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in mangrove ecosystem based on differences habitat in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 674(1), 012092.
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Duke, N., Ball, M., & Ellison, J. (1998). Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 7(1), 27–47.
Ellison, A. M. (2008). Managing mangroves with benthic biodiversity in mind: Moving beyond roving banditry. Journal of Sea Research, 59, 2–15.
Faqih, A., Baderan, D. W., & Utina, R. (2020). Vegetation structure, diversity, and conservation status of mangrove forests on the Langala Coast, Dulupi District, Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 1(1), 29–43.
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Giesen, W., Wulffraat, S., Zieren, M., & Scholten, L. (2007). Mangrove guidebook for Southeast Asia. Rap Publication, Bangkok.
Hastuti, E. D., Anggoro, S., & Pribadi, R. (2016). Dynamic linkages of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata and its environment parameters in Semarang and Demak coastal area. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 11(1), 279–293.
Heberle, H., Meirelles, G. V., da Silva, F. R., Telles, G. P., & Minghim, R. (2015). InteractiVenn: A web-based tool for the analysis of sets through Venn diagrams. BMC Bioinformatics, 16, 169.
Hilmi, E., Sari, L. K., Cahyo, T. N., Kusmana, C., & Suhendang, E. (2019). Carbon sequestration of mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia. Biotropia, 26(3), 181–190.
Hoppe-Speer, S. C., Adams, J. B., & Bailey, D. (2015). Present state of mangrove forests along the Eastern Cape coast, South Africa. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23, 371–383.
Idrus, A. A., Syukur, A., & Zulkifli, L. (2019). The diversity of fauna in mangrove community: Success replanting of mangroves species in South Coastal East Lombok, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1402(3), 033042.
Jiang, X., Choat, B., Zhang, Y. J., Guan, X. Y., Shi, W., & Cao, K. F. (2021). Variation in xylem hydraulic structure and function of two mangrove species across a latitudinal gradient in Eastern Australia. Water, 136, 850.
Kartika, K. F., Istomo, I., & Amanah, S. (2018). Mangrove diversity in production Forest Management Unit (FMU) Bulungan Unit VIII North Kalimantan. Media Konservasi, 23(3), 253–261.
Kathiresan, K., & Rajendran, N. (2005). Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65(3), 601–606.
Landi, P., Minoarivelo, H. O., Brännström, Å., Hui, C., & Dieckmann, U. (2018). Complexity and stability of ecological networks: A review of the theory. Population Ecology, 60, 319–345.
Lebata-Ramos, M., & Hazel, J. (2013). Field guide to mangrove identification and community structure analysis. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Iloilo.
Lillo, E. P., Fernando, E. S., & Lillo, M. J. R. (2019). Plant diversity and structure of forest habitat types on Dinagat Island, Philippines. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 12(1), 83–105.
Lu, Y., Li, N., Sun, J., Hou, P., Jing, X., Zhu, H., Deng, S., Han, Y., Huang, X., Ma, X., Zhao, N., Zhang, Y., Shen, X., & Chen, S. (2013). Exogenous hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and calcium mediate root ion fluxes in two non-secretor mangrove species subjected to NaCl stress. Tree Physiology, 33(1), 81–95.
Ludwig, J. A., & Reynolds, J. F. (1988). Statistical ecology: A primer in methods and computing. John & Wiley, New York.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Princeton.
Májeková, M., Paal, T., Plowman, N. S., Bryndova, M., Kasari, L., Norberg, A., Weiss, M., Bishop, T. R., Luke, S. H., Sam, K., Bagousse-Pinguet, Y. L., Leps, J., Götzenberger, L., & De Bello, F. (2016). Evaluating functional diversity: Missing trait data and the importance of species abundance structure and data transformation. PloS One, 11(2), 149270.
Massel, S. R., Furukawa, K., & Brinkman, R. M. (1999). Surface wave propagation in mangrove forests. Fluid Dynamics Research, 24(4), 219.
Myint, S. W., Giri, C. P., Wang, L., Zhu, Z., & Gillette, S. C. (2008). Identifying mangrove species and their surrounding land use and land cover classes using an object-oriented approach with a lacunarity spatial measure. GIScience and Remote Sensing, 45(2), 188–208.
Olowokudejo, J. D., & Oyebanji, O. O. (2016). Floral diversity of the littoral vegetation of Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 8(12), 320–333.
Priosambodo, D., Alam, M., Al-Anshari, M., & Putra, A. W. (2019). Species composition and structure of mangrove in Tamo Rocky Cliff Beach Majene West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1341(2), 22021.
Rahim, S., & Baderan, D. W. (2019). Species composition, community structure, and diversity mangrove association Langge North Gorontalo Regency-Province Gorontalo. Environmental Sciences Bulletin, 17(1), 181–188.
Reddy, C. S. (2008). Field identification guide for Indian Mangrove. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Rizal, A., & Anna, Z. (2020). The effect on mangrove density with sediment transport rate in Sikakap Coastal area of Mentawai Island district, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. World Scientific News, 146, 202–214.
Shannon, C. E., & Wiener, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Siboro, T. D. (2019). The benefits of biodiversity on the environment. Simantek, 3(1), 1–4.
Somerfield, P. J., Clarke, K. R., & Warwick, R. M. (2008). Simpson index. Elsevier, Oxford.
Suryanti, S., Supriharyono, S., & Anggoro, S. (2019). Integrated coastal zone management. Undip Press, Semarang.
Triest, L., Van der Stocken, T., De Ryck, D., Kochzius, M., Lorent, S., Ngeve, M., Ratsimbazafy, H. A., Sierens, T., Ven, R. V. D., & Koedam, N. (2021). Expansion of the mangrove species Rhizophora mucronata in the Western Indian Ocean launched contrasting genetic patterns. Scientific Reports, 11, 4987.
Utami, S., Anggoro, S., & Soeprobowati, T. R. (2017). The diversity and regeneration of mangrove on Panjang Island Jepara Central Java. International Journal of Conservation Science, 8(2), 289–294.
Utina, R., Elya, N., Katili, A. S., & Yowan, T. (2018). Ecosystems and coastal natural resources. Budi Utama, Yogyakarta.
van der Plas, F. (2019). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities. Biological Reviews, 94(4), 1220–1245.
Walters, B. B., Rönnbäck, P., Kovacs, J. M., Crona, B., Hussain, S. A., Badola, R., Primavera, J. H., Barbier, E., & Dahdouh-Guebas, F. (2008). Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 220–236.
Weber, N., Bouwes, N., Pollock, M. M., Volk, C., Wheaton, J. M., Wathen, G., Wathen, G., Wirtz, J., & Jordan, C. E. (2017). Alteration of stream temperature by natural and artificial beaver dams. PloS One, 12(5), e0176313.
Yunoh, S. M. M., & Atan, A. (2019). The value of coastal forest for conservation and education: A note on the flora of Pulau Sibu, Johor. Malayan Nature Journal, 71(3), 341–347.
Zain, Z., Hutabarat, S., Prayitno, S. B., & Ambaryanto, A. (2014). Potency of Mahakam Delta in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering Science, 6(2), 126–130.
Aronson, M. F., Nilon, C. H., Lepczyk, C. A., Parker, T. S., Warren, P. S., Cilliers, S. S., Goddard, M. A., Hahs, A. K., Herzog, C., Katti, M., Sorte, F. A., Williams, N. S. G., & Zipperer, W. (2016). Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools. Ecological Society of America, 97(11), 2952–2963.
Asuk, S. A., Offiong, E. E., Ifebueme, N. M., & Akpaso, E. O. (2018). Species composition and diversity of mangrove swamp forest in Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(2), 166–171.
Baderan, K. D. W., Hamidun, M. S., Lamangantjo, C., & Retnowati, Y. (2015). Diversification of mangrove fruit-based products as an alternative food source in Toroseaje Coastal Communities, Pohuwato District, Gorontalo. Proceedings of the Indonesian Biodiversity Society, 2015, 341–347.
Basyuni, M., Gultom, K., Fitri, A., Susetya, I. E., Wati, R. I. D. H. A., Slamet, B., Sulistiyono, N., Yusriani, E., Balke, T., & Bunting, P. (2018). Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(1), 311–317.
Calabon, M. S., Sadaba, R. B., & Campos, W. L. (2019). Fungal diversity of mangrove-associated sponges from New Washington, Aklan, Philippines. Mycology, 10(1), 6–21.
Chang, Y., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Flow modification associated with mangrove trees in a macro-tidal flat, Southern China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 38(2), 1–10.
Dewiyanti, I., Darmawi, D., Muchlisin, Z. A., Helmi, T. Z., Imelda, I., & Defira, C. N. (2021). Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in mangrove ecosystem based on differences habitat in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 674(1), 012092.
Djamaluddin, R. (2018). The mangrove flora and their physical habitat characteristics in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(4), 1303–1312.
Duke, N., Ball, M., & Ellison, J. (1998). Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 7(1), 27–47.
Ellison, A. M. (2008). Managing mangroves with benthic biodiversity in mind: Moving beyond roving banditry. Journal of Sea Research, 59, 2–15.
Faqih, A., Baderan, D. W., & Utina, R. (2020). Vegetation structure, diversity, and conservation status of mangrove forests on the Langala Coast, Dulupi District, Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 1(1), 29–43.
Faridah-Hanum, I., Yusoff, F. M., Fitrianto, A., Ainuddin, N. A., Gandaseca, S., Zaiton, S., Norizah, K., Nurhidayu, S., Roslan, M. K., Hakeem, K. R., Shamsuddin, I., Adnan, I., Noor, A. G. A., Balqis, A. R. S., Rhyma, P. P., Aminah, I. S., Hilaluddin, F., Fatin, R., & Harun, N. Z. (2019). Development of a comprehensive mangrove quality index MQI in Matang Mangrove: Assessing mangrove ecosystem health. Ecological Indicators, 102, 103–117.
Fickert, T. (2020). To plant or not to plant, that is the question: Reforestation vs. natural regeneration of hurricane-disturbed mangrove forests in Guanaja (Honduras). Forests, 11(10), 1068.
Giesen, W., Wulffraat, S., Zieren, M., & Scholten, L. (2007). Mangrove guidebook for Southeast Asia. Rap Publication, Bangkok.
Hastuti, E. D., Anggoro, S., & Pribadi, R. (2016). Dynamic linkages of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata and its environment parameters in Semarang and Demak coastal area. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 11(1), 279–293.
Heberle, H., Meirelles, G. V., da Silva, F. R., Telles, G. P., & Minghim, R. (2015). InteractiVenn: A web-based tool for the analysis of sets through Venn diagrams. BMC Bioinformatics, 16, 169.
Hilmi, E., Sari, L. K., Cahyo, T. N., Kusmana, C., & Suhendang, E. (2019). Carbon sequestration of mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia. Biotropia, 26(3), 181–190.
Hoppe-Speer, S. C., Adams, J. B., & Bailey, D. (2015). Present state of mangrove forests along the Eastern Cape coast, South Africa. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23, 371–383.
Idrus, A. A., Syukur, A., & Zulkifli, L. (2019). The diversity of fauna in mangrove community: Success replanting of mangroves species in South Coastal East Lombok, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1402(3), 033042.
Jiang, X., Choat, B., Zhang, Y. J., Guan, X. Y., Shi, W., & Cao, K. F. (2021). Variation in xylem hydraulic structure and function of two mangrove species across a latitudinal gradient in Eastern Australia. Water, 136, 850.
Kartika, K. F., Istomo, I., & Amanah, S. (2018). Mangrove diversity in production Forest Management Unit (FMU) Bulungan Unit VIII North Kalimantan. Media Konservasi, 23(3), 253–261.
Kathiresan, K., & Rajendran, N. (2005). Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65(3), 601–606.
Landi, P., Minoarivelo, H. O., Brännström, Å., Hui, C., & Dieckmann, U. (2018). Complexity and stability of ecological networks: A review of the theory. Population Ecology, 60, 319–345.
Lebata-Ramos, M., & Hazel, J. (2013). Field guide to mangrove identification and community structure analysis. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Iloilo.
Lillo, E. P., Fernando, E. S., & Lillo, M. J. R. (2019). Plant diversity and structure of forest habitat types on Dinagat Island, Philippines. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 12(1), 83–105.
Lu, Y., Li, N., Sun, J., Hou, P., Jing, X., Zhu, H., Deng, S., Han, Y., Huang, X., Ma, X., Zhao, N., Zhang, Y., Shen, X., & Chen, S. (2013). Exogenous hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and calcium mediate root ion fluxes in two non-secretor mangrove species subjected to NaCl stress. Tree Physiology, 33(1), 81–95.
Ludwig, J. A., & Reynolds, J. F. (1988). Statistical ecology: A primer in methods and computing. John & Wiley, New York.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Princeton.
Májeková, M., Paal, T., Plowman, N. S., Bryndova, M., Kasari, L., Norberg, A., Weiss, M., Bishop, T. R., Luke, S. H., Sam, K., Bagousse-Pinguet, Y. L., Leps, J., Götzenberger, L., & De Bello, F. (2016). Evaluating functional diversity: Missing trait data and the importance of species abundance structure and data transformation. PloS One, 11(2), 149270.
Massel, S. R., Furukawa, K., & Brinkman, R. M. (1999). Surface wave propagation in mangrove forests. Fluid Dynamics Research, 24(4), 219.
Myint, S. W., Giri, C. P., Wang, L., Zhu, Z., & Gillette, S. C. (2008). Identifying mangrove species and their surrounding land use and land cover classes using an object-oriented approach with a lacunarity spatial measure. GIScience and Remote Sensing, 45(2), 188–208.
Olowokudejo, J. D., & Oyebanji, O. O. (2016). Floral diversity of the littoral vegetation of Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 8(12), 320–333.
Priosambodo, D., Alam, M., Al-Anshari, M., & Putra, A. W. (2019). Species composition and structure of mangrove in Tamo Rocky Cliff Beach Majene West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1341(2), 22021.
Rahim, S., & Baderan, D. W. (2019). Species composition, community structure, and diversity mangrove association Langge North Gorontalo Regency-Province Gorontalo. Environmental Sciences Bulletin, 17(1), 181–188.
Reddy, C. S. (2008). Field identification guide for Indian Mangrove. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Rizal, A., & Anna, Z. (2020). The effect on mangrove density with sediment transport rate in Sikakap Coastal area of Mentawai Island district, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. World Scientific News, 146, 202–214.
Shannon, C. E., & Wiener, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Siboro, T. D. (2019). The benefits of biodiversity on the environment. Simantek, 3(1), 1–4.
Somerfield, P. J., Clarke, K. R., & Warwick, R. M. (2008). Simpson index. Elsevier, Oxford.
Suryanti, S., Supriharyono, S., & Anggoro, S. (2019). Integrated coastal zone management. Undip Press, Semarang.
Triest, L., Van der Stocken, T., De Ryck, D., Kochzius, M., Lorent, S., Ngeve, M., Ratsimbazafy, H. A., Sierens, T., Ven, R. V. D., & Koedam, N. (2021). Expansion of the mangrove species Rhizophora mucronata in the Western Indian Ocean launched contrasting genetic patterns. Scientific Reports, 11, 4987.
Utami, S., Anggoro, S., & Soeprobowati, T. R. (2017). The diversity and regeneration of mangrove on Panjang Island Jepara Central Java. International Journal of Conservation Science, 8(2), 289–294.
Utina, R., Elya, N., Katili, A. S., & Yowan, T. (2018). Ecosystems and coastal natural resources. Budi Utama, Yogyakarta.
van der Plas, F. (2019). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities. Biological Reviews, 94(4), 1220–1245.
Walters, B. B., Rönnbäck, P., Kovacs, J. M., Crona, B., Hussain, S. A., Badola, R., Primavera, J. H., Barbier, E., & Dahdouh-Guebas, F. (2008). Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 220–236.
Weber, N., Bouwes, N., Pollock, M. M., Volk, C., Wheaton, J. M., Wathen, G., Wathen, G., Wirtz, J., & Jordan, C. E. (2017). Alteration of stream temperature by natural and artificial beaver dams. PloS One, 12(5), e0176313.
Yunoh, S. M. M., & Atan, A. (2019). The value of coastal forest for conservation and education: A note on the flora of Pulau Sibu, Johor. Malayan Nature Journal, 71(3), 341–347.
Zain, Z., Hutabarat, S., Prayitno, S. B., & Ambaryanto, A. (2014). Potency of Mahakam Delta in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering Science, 6(2), 126–130.
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2023-07-15
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