How much space is needed for biodiversity conservation?
Keywords:
nature reserve fund; extension of boundaries; landscape integrity; biodiversity; sozology; conservation status; rare species; nature conservation
Abstract
The EU's 2030 Biodiversity Strategy and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework call for 30% coverage of land and sea protected areas and strict protection for 10% of land area to prevent and reverse biodiversity loss. Ukraine has declared its aspiration to integrate into the European Union and must back up its statements with action and do everything to achieve such ambitious conservation goals. Like many European countries, Ukraine faces great challenges on this route. The significant level of anthropogenic transformation of the territories makes it very difficult to find new areas to expand the boundaries of the nature reserve fund. The practical steps to create nature reserves are significantly limited by legal mechanisms that guarantee land users' ownership of the relevant land plots. An important task in nature conservation is to develop indicators that can clearly and easily demonstrate the importance of areas for conservation. Such tools are necessary to convince policy makers and land users of the need to protect the relevant areas. The indicators of importance for biodiversity conservation should be scale-independent, as both large areas and small areas are important for conservation. In this article, we consider the case of a project to expand the boundaries of the Dnipro-Orylskiy Nature Reserve by adding five areas directly adjacent to it. The number of species included in the various Red Data Lists was chosen as an indicator of the conservation value of the territory. The species-area relationship was used to assess the role of scale. The number of species on the Red Lists was considered instead of the classical relationship that considers the total number of species in a community. The normalised deviation from the regression relationship was considered as an indicator of the conservation value of the respective area, which is statistically independent of the area of the site. The different Red Lists are compiled according to different criteria, so the indicator of conservation value for each Red List focuses on the relevant conservation aspect. The results of the conservation value assessment can be presented graphically, which clearly demonstrates the role of the respective areas in the maintenance of biological diversity. The proposed algorithm for assessing conservation value can be applied to a wide range of environmental protection tasks. In terms of further research, it is important to assess the role of ecosystem function assessment in the design of protected areas.References
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Brackhane, S., Schoof, N., Reif, A., & Schmitt, C. B. (2019). A new wilderness for Central Europe? – The potential for large strictly protected forest reserves in Germany. Biological Conservation, 237, 373–382.
Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2015). Evaluation of the ecological niche of some abundant species of the subfamily Platyninae (Coleoptera, Carabidae) against the back-ground of eight ecological factors. Folia Oecologica, 42(2), 75–88.
Cantú-Salazar, L., & Gaston, K. J. (2010). Very large protected areas and their contribution to terrestrial biological conservation. BioScience, 60(10), 808–818.
Carver, S., Convery, I., Hawkins, S., Beyers, R., Eagle, A., Kun, Z., Van Maanen, E., Cao, Y., Fisher, M., Edwards, S. R., Nelson, C., Gann, G. D., Shurter, S., Aguilar, K., Andrade, A., Ripple, W. J., Davis, J., Sinclair, A., Bekoff, M., … Soulé, M. (2021). Guiding principles for rewilding. Conservation Biology, 35(6), 1882–1893.
Chugunova, N. I. (1952). Rukovodstvo po izucheniyu vozrasta i rosta ryib (Metodicheskoe rukovodstvo po ihtiologii) [Guidelines for the study of the age and growth of fish (Methodological guide to ichthyology)]. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian).
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Diamond, J. M. (1975). The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biological Conservation, 7(2), 129–146.
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Joshi, A., Vynne, C., Burgess, N. D., Wikramanayake, E., Hahn, N., Palminteri, S., Hedao, P., Noss, R., Hansen, M., Locke, H., Ellis, E. C., Jones, B., Barber, C. V., Hayes, R., Kormos, C., Martin, V., Crist, E., … Saleem, M. (2017). An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm. BioScience, 67(6), 534–545.
Ferreira, G. B., Collen, B., Newbold, T., Oliveira, M. J. R., Pinheiro, M. S., de Pinho, F. F., Rowcliffe, M., & Carbone, C. (2020). Strict protected areas are essential for the conservation of larger and threatened mammals in a priority region of the Brazilian Cerrado. Biological Conservation, 251, 108762.
Ferro, M. L., & Summerlin, M. (2019). Developing a standardized list of entomological collection methods for use in databases. ZooKeys, 861, 145–156.
Franklin, J. F. (1993). Preserving biodiversity: Species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecological Applications, 3(2), 202–205.
Gaston, K. J. (1994). Rarity. In: Shipley, J. W. (Ed.). Population and community biology series. Springer Netherlands. Vol. 13. Pp. 1–163.
Getzner, M., & Moroz, S. (2022). The economic development of regions in Ukraine: With tests on the territorial capital approach. Empirica, 49(1), 225–251.
Gritsan, Y. I., Kunakh, O. M., Dubinina, J. J., Kotsun, V. I., & Tkalich, Y. I. (2019). The catena aspect of the landscape diversity of the ''Dnipro-Orilsky'' Natural Reserve. Journal of Geology Geography and Geoecology, 28(3), 417–431.
Hupke, K.-D. (2023). Nature conservation: On which areas? In: Nature conservation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pp. 39–45.
Järvinen, O., Väisänen, R. A., Jarvinen, O., & Vaisanen, R. A. (1975). Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. Oikos, 26(3), 316.
Kareiva, P., & Marvier, M. (2003). Conserving biodiversity coldspots. American Scientist, 91(4), 344.
Kendal, D., Zeeman, B. J., Ikin, K., Lunt, I. D., McDonnell, M. J., Farrar, A., Pearce, L. M., & Morgan, J. W. (2017). The importance of small urban reserves for plant conservation. Biological Conservation, 213, 146–153.
Kendall, B. E., Klein, C. J., & Possingham, H. P. (2015). The role of scale in designing protected area systems to conserve poorly known species. Ecosphere, 6(11), art237.
Kratochvíl, M., Čech, M., Vašek, M., Kubečka, J., Hejzlar, J., Matěna, J., Peterka, J., Macháček, J., & Seďa, J. (2010). Diel vertical migrations of age 0+ percids in a shallow, well-mixed reservoir. Journal of Limnology, 69(2), 305.
Kunakh, O., Zhukova, Y., Yakovenko, V., & Zhukov, O. (2023). The role of soil and plant cover as drivers of soil macrofauna of the Dnipro River floodplain ecosystems. Folia Oecologica, 50(1), 16–43.
Leberger, R., Rosa, I. M. D., Guerra, C. A., Wolf, F., & Pereira, H. M. (2020). Global patterns of forest loss across IUCN categories of protected areas. Biological Conservation, 241, 108299.
Matthews, T. J., Rigal, F., Triantis, K. A., & Whittaker, R. J. (2019). A global model of island species – area relationships. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(25), 12337–12342.
Maxwell, S. L., Cazalis, V., Dudley, N., Hoffmann, M., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Stolton, S., Visconti, P., Woodley, S., Kingston, N., Lewis, E., Maron, M., Strassburg, B. B. N., Wenger, A., Jonas, H. D., Venter, O., & Watson, J. E. M. (2020). Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature, 586(7828), 217–227.
Miller, D. L., Rexstad, E., Thomas, L., Marshall, L., & Laake, J. L. (2019). Distance sampling in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 89(1), 1–28.
Murphy, D. D. (1989). Conservation and confusion: Wrong species, wrong scale, wrong conclusions. Conservation Biology, 3(1), 82–84.
Myers, N. (1993). Tropical forests: The main deforestation fronts. Environmental Conservation, 20(1), 9–16.
Naughton-Treves, L., Holland, M. B., & Brandon, K. (2005). The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30(1), 219–252.
Navarro, L. M., & Pereira, H. M. (2012). Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystems, 15(6), 900–912.
Neigel, J. E. (2003). Species – area relationships and marine conservation. Ecological Applications, 13(1), 138–145.
Newmark, W. D. (1996). Insularization of tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology, 10(6), 1549–1556.
Pakhomov, O. Y. (Ed.). (2011). Chervona knyha Dnipropetrovskoi oblasti (Tvarynnyi svit) [Red Book of Dnipropetrovsk Olast (Fauna)]. Dnipropetrovs’ka Oblast’ Council, Dnipropetrovs’k (in Ukranian).
Paradis, Y., Mingelbier, M., Brodeur, P., & Magnan, P. (2008). Comparisons of catch and precision of pop nets, push nets, and seines for sampling larval and juvenile yellow perch. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28(5), 1554–1562.
Pierce, C. L., Rasmussen, J. B., & Leggett, W. C. (1990). Sampling littoral fish with a seine: Corrections for variable capture efficiency. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47(5), 1004–1010.
Pillay, R., Johnsingh, A. J. T., Raghunath, R., & Madhusudan, M. D. (2011). Patterns of spatiotemporal change in large mammal distribution and abundance in the southern Western Ghats, India. Biological Conservation, 144(5), 1567–1576.
Pisanets, E. M. (2007). Amfibii Ukrainy (vyznachnyk zemnovodnykh Ukrainy ta sumizhnykh terytorii) [Amphibians of Ukraine ( identification guide to amphi-bians of Ukraine and neighbouring territories)]. Zoological Museum of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv (in Ukranian).
Putchkov, A. V., Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Markina, T. Y. (2019). Ground beetles of the tribe Carabini (Coleoptra, Carabidae) in the main megapolises of Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, 53(1), 3–12.
Rees, S. E., Foster, N. L., Langmead, O., Pittman, S., & Johnson, D. E. (2018). Defining the qualitative elements of Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 with regard to the marine and coastal environment in order to strengthen global efforts for marine biodiversity conservation outlined in the United Nations sustainable development goal 14. Marine Policy, 93, 241–250.
Simberloff, D. (1988). The contribution of population and community biology to conservation science. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 19(1), 473–511.
Soulé, M. E., & Simberloff, D. (1986). What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves? Biological Conservation, 35(1), 19–40.
Spiliopoulou, K., Brooks, T. M., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Oikonomou, A., Karavatsou, F., Stoumboudi, M. T., & Triantis, K. A. (2023). Protected areas and the ranges of threatened species: Towards the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030. Biological Conservation, 284, 110166.
Stefanskyi, V. (2023). Znakhidka alokhtonnoji eotsenovoji fauny v eolovykh piskakh Desnianskoji terasy okolyts’ Dniprovsko-Orilskoho pryrodnoho zapovidnyka (Dnipropetrovska oblast) ta yiyi stratyhrafichne znachennia [Finding of allochthonous Eocene fauna in the eolian sands of the Desnyanskaya terrace on the outskirts of the Dnieper-Orilskiy Nature Reserve (Dnepropetrovsk region) and its stratigraphic significance]. In: Berezovsky, A. A. (Ed.). Eutychian readings. Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih. Pp. 140–141 (in Ukranian).
Stegman, B. K. (1938). Fauna SSSR. Ptitsyi. Osnovyi ornitogeograficheskogo deleniya Palearktiki [Fauna of the USSR. Birds. Basics of the ornithogeographic division of the Palaearctic]. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian).
Treasurer, J. W. (1978). Sampling larval and juvenile fish populations in freshwater. Aquaculture Research, 9(1), 6–17.
Tutova, G. F., Zhukov, O. V., Kunakh, O. M., & Zhukova, Y. O. (2022). Response of earthworms to changes in the aggregate structure of floodplain soils. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1049(1), 012062.
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and NGS (2021). Protected planet report 2020. UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and NGS, Cambridge, Gland, Washington.
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