Distribution of poultry ectoparasites in industrial farms, farms, and private plots with different rearing technologies
Abstract
One of the problems in growing and keeping poultry, both in industrial and farm and kitchen garden environments is ectoparasites, which are responsible for lowering the productivity of poultry and causing economic losses. The study of the prevalence and diagnosis of bird ectoparasites on poultry farms with different maintenance technologies is important for the further development of integrated methods for combating them. Our research was conducted during 2006–2017 in 16 regions of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In total, 38 poultry farms specializing in egg production with poultry kept in battery cages, 18 poultry houses specializing in egg production with poultry kept on the floor and more than 150 farm and kitchen garden poultry houses for keeping chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl and pigeons were examined. We found that, both with battery cages and when poultry are kept on the floor in poultry farms, the most common ectoparasites are chicken mites (Dermanyssus gallinae), which causes the disease of dermanyssiosis. It was determined that the extensivity of the invasion was, on average, from 56% to 80%. Also, in the chickens and turkeys, mallophages (Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus), which cause mallophagoses, were detected, and the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 27% to 45%. In farms and kitchen gardens where chickens, guinea fowl and quails were kept, the number of chicken mites in 1 g substrate was more than a thousand live mites, in dovecotes chicken mites were found in 50% to 100% of nests. In chickens and turkeys, besides the chicken mite, bird lice were found. In chickens, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae, M. stramineus, Lipeurus variabilis, ranged from 15% to 22%, in turkeys, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae and M. stramineus ranged from 16% to 25%. The scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans), which causes the disease knemidocoptiasis ("lame leg"), was detected in incubating hens over the age of two years, the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 5% to 7%. It was established that in poultry farms, both in battery cages and when the birds were kept on the floor, the main ectoparasite in chickens, guinea fowl and quail is red chicken mite (D. gallinae), and on poultry farms and kitchen gardens in addition to the chicken mite, three types of bird lice (M. gallinae, M. stramineus, L. variabilis) and K. mutans were found.References
Akbaev, M. S., Vodyanov, A. A., Kosminkov, A. I., Yatusevich, A. I., Pashkin, P. I., & Vasilevich, F. I. (2008). Parazitologiya i invazionnyye bolezni zhivotnyh [Parasitology and invasive diseases of animals]. Коlоs, Moscov (in Russian).
Akbaev, M. S. (2010). Vidovoy sostav i sezonnaya chislennost' pukhoperoyedov-vozbuditeley mallofagoza kur [Species composition and seasonal abundance of Mallophaga on chickens]. Veterinarya, 10, 131–145 (in Russian).
Bregetova, N. G. (1956). Gamazovyye kleshchi. Kratkiy opredelitel' [The gas mites. A brief identification guide]. АN USSR, Moscov (in Russian).
Cencek, T. (2003). Prevalence of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farms in Silesia Region in Poland. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 47, 465–469.
Dayk, O. T. (2016). Stan ta napryamky rozvytku pidpryyemstv haluzi ptakhivnytstva [Status and directions of development of poultry industry enterprises]. Scientific herald of the Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after S. Z. Gzhytsky, 18(2), 58–61 (in Ukrainian).
Denmark, H. A., & Comroy, H. L. (2012). Tropical fowl mite, Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Arachnida: Acari: Macronyssidae). IFAS Extention.
Filipova, N. A. (1966). Fauna SSSR. Paukoobraznyye. Argasovyye kleshchi (Argasidae) [Fauna of the USSR. Arachnida. Argasidae (Argasidae)]. Nаuka, Moscov. Vol. 4(3). (in Russian).
Girich, А., & Popova, L. (2004). Yak pozbavyty kurey vid klishchiv [How to get rid of ticks from chickens ]. Health of Animals and Medicine, 6, 12 (in Ukrainian).
Gunnarsson, E. (2017). Poultry red mites in Swedish laying hen flocks – occurrence and efficacy to a selection of acaricides. Agronomprogrammet, Husdjur.
Hizhnya, L. U. (2013). Poshyrennya malofahoziv kurey u hospodarstvakh Poltavs’koyi oblasti [Distribution of mallophages in chickens in farms of the Poltava region]. Bulletin of the Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 2, 173–174 (in Ukrainian).
Hobbenaghi, R., Tavassoli, M., Alimehr, M., & Shokrpoor, S. (2012). Histopathological study of the mite biting (Dermanyssus gallinae) in poultry skin. Veterinary Research Forum, 3(3), 205–208.
Ionov, I. А., Tereschenko, O. V., & Katerinich, A. A. (2012). Perspektyvna prohrama “Rozvytok haluzi ptakhivnytstva do 2020 roku” [Perspective program “Development of poultry industry till 2020”]. Effective Poultry Farming, 10, 12–22 (in Ukrainian).
Mashkey, A. M., Sumakova, N. V., & Sirenko, O. S. (2010). Metody vidboru prob chlenystonogyh (klishhiv, komah) dlja diagnostyky ektoparazytoziv svijs'koi' ptyci [Methods of sampling arthropods (ticks, insects) for the diagnosis of ectoparasitoses of the bird's own habit]. IEKVM, Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
Mashkey, A., Sumakova, N., & Sirenko, E. (2013). Poshyrennya zbudnykiv ektoparazytarnykh zakhvoryuvan’ sil’s’kohospodars’koyi ta sviys’koyi ptytsi v lisostepoviy zoni Ukrayiny ta AR Krym [Distribution of pathogens of ectoparasitological diseases of agricultural and poultry in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. Veterinary Medicine: Interagency Thematic Scientific Collection, 99, 144–147 (in Ukrainian).
Mashkey, І., & Zaharov, A. (2002). Ektoparazyty ptyts’ v fermers’kykh i prysadybnykh hospodarstvakh Krymu [Ectoparasites of birds in farm and household farms of the Crimea]. Veterinary Medicine: Interagency Thematic Scientific Collection, 80, 423–428 (in Ukrainian).
Mehlhorn, H., & Piekarski, G. (2002). Grundriss der Parasitenkunde. Spektrum Akad. Verlag, Berlin.
Mullen, G. R. (2010). Medical and veterinary entomology. Academic Press, Boston.
Salifou, S., Offoumon, O. T., Gouissi, F. M., & Pangui, L. J. (2013). Endogenous recipes for controlling arthropod ectoparasites of domestic poultry. Revista Brasiliera de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 22(1), 119–123.
Vasilevich, F. I., & Akbaev, M. S. (2011). Knemidokoptoz kur i mery bor'by s nim [Knemidokoptosis of chickens and measures to combat it]. Poultry and Poultry Products, 1, 53–56 (in Russian).
Windhorst, H. W. (2017). The EU egg industry in transition. Dynamics in the egg industry between 2010 and 2015. International Egg Commission Special Economic Report. International Egg Commission, London.