Body-weight gains in Blaberus craniifer cockroaches and the intensity of their infection with gregarines and nematodes
Keywords:
Blattodea; Thelastomatidae; Eugregarinorida; parasitic nematodes; gregarines of insects; body-weight gain; effects of parasite on its host.
Abstract
Intestinal parasites are considered to be able to hinder growth of the host animals, reducing the extent of food metabolism, damaging the intestines’ integrity by filling it with products of their metabolism. However, a long co-evolution can mitigate the negative impact of a parasite on the host organism. To study how parasites – nematodes Cranifera cranifera (Chitwood, 1932) Kloss, 1960 (Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae) and gregarines Protomagalhaensia granulosae Peregrine, 1970 and Blabericola cubensis (Peregrine, 1970) Clopton, 2009 (Eugregarinorida, Blabericolidae) – afffect the growth rates of cockroaches, we performed an experiment on 200 larvae of Blaberus craniifer Burmeister, 1838 (Blattodea, Blaberidae), varying in weight and age. We monitored changes in their body weight, intensity of food consumption, and after the experiment we counted gregarines in the midgut and nematodes in the hindgut. As a result, we found that 100% of the cockroaches were infected with two species of gregarines and one species of nematodes. The intestines of small cockroach larvae (weighing 300–400 mg) contained 16–18 specimens of gregarines on average. Large larvae had a weak tendency towards increase in the intensity of gregarine infestation. Similarly, there occurred changes in the intensity of nematode invasion: young larvae were infected on average by 8–10 specimens of nematodes and large larvae had an average of 12–14 nematodes. At the level of tendency, nematodes were observed to enhance the cockroaches’ growth rates following increase in intensity of the parasitic infection. We found that the two groups of parasites had no effect on one another: the number of gregarines had no effect on the number of specimens of nematodes and vice-versa, the number of nematodes had no effect on the number of gregarine specimens. Perhaps, this is related to different localizations of the parasites: gregarines for most of their life feed in the small intestine, while nematodes feed in the large intestine. Therefore, growth rates of the cockroaches in our experiment have not changed due to the parasites. This indicates minimization of negative effects of gregarines in the midgut and nematodes in the hindgut on the host’s life cycle, developed over long co-evolution.References
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Beccaloni, G., & Eggleton, P. (2013). Order Blattodea. Zootaxa, 3703, 46–48.
Bell, W. J., Roth, L. M., & Nalepa, C. A. (Eds.). (2007). Cockroaches: Ecology, behavior, and natural history. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Boucias, D. G., & Pendland, J. C. (2012). Principles of insect pathology. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
Boyko, A. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Changes in the viability of the eggs of Ascaris suum under the influence of flavourings and source materials approved for use in and on foods. Biosystems Diversity, 25(2), 162–166.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019a). Nematocidial activity of aqueous solutions of plants of the families Cupressaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae and Apiaceae. Biosystems Diversity, 27(3), 227–232.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019b). The impact of acids approved for use in foods on the vitality of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus (Nematoda) larvae. Helminthologia, 56(3), 202–210.
Boyko, O., & Brygadyrenko, V. (2021). Nematicidal activity of essential oils of medicinal plants. Folia Oecologica, 48(1), 42–48.
Brooks, W. M., & Jackson, J. J. (1990). Eugregarines: Current status as pathogens, illustrated in corn rootworms. In: Proceedings of the V International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. Adelaide. Pp. 512–515.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Nazimov, S. S. (2015). Trophic relations of Opatrum sabulosum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) with leaves of cultivated and uncultivated species of herbaceous plants under laboratory conditions. Zookeys, 481, 57–68.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Reshetniak, D. Y. (2014). Trophic preferences of Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with regard to seeds of agricultural crops in conditions of laboratory experiment. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology, 14(2), 179–190.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Reshetniak, D. Y. (2016). Morphometric variability of Clitellocephalus ophoni (Eugregarinida, Gregarinidae) in the intestines of Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Archives of Biological Sciences, 68(3), 587–601.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Svyrydchenko, A. O. (2015). Influence of the gregarine Stenophora julipusilli (Eugregarinorida, Stenophoridae) on the trophic activity of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae). Folia Oecologica, 42(1), 10–20.
Canales-Lazcano, J., Contreras-Garduño, J., & Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2005). Fitness-related attributes and gregarine burden in a non-territorial damselfly Enallagma praevarum Hagen (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 34(2), 123–130.
Carreno, R. A., & Tuhela, L. (2011). Thelastomatid nematodes (Oxyurida: Thelastomatoidea) from the peppered cockroach, Archimandrita tesselata (Insecta: Blattaria) in Costa Rica. Comparative Parasitology, 78(1), 39–55.
Chang, W.-L., Yang, C.-Y., Huang, Y.-C., Chao, D., & Chen, T.-W. (2004). Prevalence and observation of intestine-dwelling gregarines in the millipede Trigoniulus corallinus (Spirobolida: Pachybolidae) collected from Shoushan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Formosan Entomologist, 24, 137–145.
Clopton, R. E. (2002). Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970: Order Eugregarinorida Leger, 1900. In: Lee, J. J., Leedale, G., Patterson, D., & Bradbury, P. C. (Eds.). Illustrated guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. Pages 205–288.
Clopton, R. E. (2009). Phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and systematic revision of the septate gregarines (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida: Septatorina). Comparative Parasitology, 76(2), 167–190.
Clopton, R. E. (2010). Protomagalhaensia cerastes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) parasitizing the pallid cockroach, Phoetalia pallida (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Comparative Parasitology, 77, 117–124.
Clopton, R. E. (2012a). Redescription of Protomagalhaensia blaberae Peregrine, 1970 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) parasitizing the Bolivian cockroach, Blaberus boliviensis (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Comparative Parasitology, 79(2), 182–191.
Clopton, R. E. (2012b). Synoptic revision of Blabericola (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) parasitizing blaberid cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae), with comments on delineating gregarine species boundaries. Journal of Parasitology, 98(3), 572–583.
Clopton, R. E., & Hays, J. J. (2006). Revision of the genus Protomagalhaensia and description of Protomagalhaensia wolfi n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae) and Leidyana haasi n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Leidyanidae) parasitizing the lobster cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Comparative Parasitology, 73, 137–156.
Desportes, I., & Schrével, J. (2013). Treatise on zoology – anatomy, taxonomy, biology. The gregarines. The early branching Apicomplexa. Brill.
Fakoorziba, M. R., Eghbal, F., Hassanzadeh, J., & Moemenbellah-Fard, M. D. (2010). Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in nosocomial infections. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 104(6), 521–528.
Geus, A. (1969). Sporentierchen, Sporozoa: Die Gregarinida der land- und su¨ßwasserbewohnenden Arthropoden Mitteleuropas. In: Dahl, F. (ed.). Die tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Gore, J. C., & Schal, C. (2007). Cockroach allergen biology and mitigation in the indoor environment. Annual Review of Entomology, 52, 439–463.
Goudey-Perrière, F., Lemonnier, F., Perrière, C., Dahmani, F.-Z., Wimmer, Z. (2003). Is the carbamate juvenoid W-328 an insect growth regulator for the cockroach Blaberus craniifer Br. (Insecta, Dictyoptera)? Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 75(1–2), 47–59.
Guzeeva, E. A., & Spiridonov, S. E. (2009). Morphological and molecular-taxonomic distinguishing features between two species of the genus Hammerschmidtiella Chitwood 1932 (Nematoda, Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae). Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 88(2), 131–142.
Kozak, V. M., Romanenko, E. R., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2020). Influence of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides on food consumption and body weight of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae). Biosystems Diversity, 28(3), 272–280.
Kulma, M., Kouřimská, L., Homolková, D., Božik, M., Plachý, V., & Vrabec, V. (2020). Effect of developmental stage on the nutritional value of edible insects. A case study with Blaberus craniifer and Zophobas morio. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 92, 103570.
Lambiase, S., Rasola, M., & Grigolo, A. (2004). Daily rhythm, ATP concentration and oxidative activity in an aposymbiotic strain of Blaberus craniifer Burmeister (Blattaria, Blaberidae). Italian Journal of Zoology, 71(4), 305–308.
Lange, C. E., & Lord, J. C. (2012). Chapter. 10. Protistan entomopathogens. In: Vega, F. E., & Kaya, H. K. (Eds.). Insect pathology. Second edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam. Pp. 367–394.
Maddox, J. V. (1987). Protozoan diseases. In: Fuxa, J. R., & Tanada, Y. (Eds.). Epizootiology of insect diseases. Wiley, New York. Pp. 417–452.
Martynov, V. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). The influence of synthetic food additives and surfactants on the body weight of larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Biosystems Diversity, 25(3), 236–242.
Martynov, V. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018). The impact of some inorganic substances on change in body mass of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) larvae in a laboratory experiment. Folia Oecologica, 45(1), 24–32.
Mikaelyan, A., Thompson, C. L., Hofer, M. J., & Brunea, A. (2016). Deterministic assembly of complex bacterial communities in guts of germ-free cockroaches. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82(4), 1256–1263.
Mille, P., & Peters, B. (2004). Overview of the public health implications of cockroaches and their management. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 15(12), 208–211.
Morffe, J., García, N., Véliz, L., Hasegawa, K., & Carreno, R. A. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of two species of nematodes (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatoidea: Protrelloididae, Thelastomatidae) parasitic in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis Serville (Blattaria: Blaberidae) from Cuba. Zootaxa, 5194(1), 92–108.
Nagae, S., Sato, K., Tanabe, T., & Hasegawa, K. (2021). Symbiosis of the millipede parasitic nematodes Rhigonematoidea and Thelastomatoidea with evolutionary different origins. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 21, 120.
Ozawa, S., & Hasegawa, K. (2018). Broad infectivity of Leidynema appendiculatum (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) parasite of the smoky brown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea: Blattidae). Ecology and Evolutoin, 8(8), 3908–3918.
Ozawa, S., Morfe, J., Vicente, C. S. L., Ikeda, K., Shinya, R., & Hasegawa, K. (2016). Morphological, molecular and developmental characterization of the thelastomatid nematode Thelastoma bulhoesi (de Magalhães, 1900) (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae) parasite of Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Japan. Acta Parasitologica, 61, 241–254.
Parhomenko, O. V., Kolomiichuk, S. V., Omelianov, D. D., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2022). Potential use of synthetic and natural aromatic mixtures in prevention from Shelfordella lateralis сockroaches. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 13(2), 174–179.
Peregrine, P. C. (1970). Gregarines found in cockroaches of the genus Blaberus. Parasitology, 61, 135–151.
Perkins, F. O., Barta, J. R., Clopton, R. E., Peirce, M. A., & Upton, S. J. (2000). Phylum Apicomplexa. In: Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F., Bradbury, P. (Eds.). An illustrated guide to the Protozoa: Organisms traditionally referred to as Protozoa, or newly discovered groups. 2nd ed. Society of Protozoologists. Pp. 190–369.
Rodriguez, Y., Omoto, C. K., & Gomulkiewicz, R. (2007). Individual and population effects of eugregarine, Gregarina niphandrodes (Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae), on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Environmental Entomology, 36(4), 689–693.
Ross, A. J. (2012). Testing decreasing variabililty of cockroach forewings through time using four recent species: Blattella germanica, Polyphaga aegyptiaca, Shelfordella lateralis and Blaberus craniifer, with implications for the study of fossil cockroach forewings. Insect Science, 19(2), 129–142.
Roth, L. M. (1983). Systematics and phylogeny of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria). Oriental Insects, 37, 1–186.
Svyrydchenko, A. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2014). Trophic preferences of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae) for the litter of various tree species. Folia Oecologica, 41(2), 202–212.
Tanada, Y., & Kaya, H. K. (1993). Insect pathology. Academic Press, San Diego.
Beccaloni, G., & Eggleton, P. (2013). Order Blattodea. Zootaxa, 3703, 46–48.
Bell, W. J., Roth, L. M., & Nalepa, C. A. (Eds.). (2007). Cockroaches: Ecology, behavior, and natural history. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Boucias, D. G., & Pendland, J. C. (2012). Principles of insect pathology. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
Boyko, A. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Changes in the viability of the eggs of Ascaris suum under the influence of flavourings and source materials approved for use in and on foods. Biosystems Diversity, 25(2), 162–166.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019a). Nematocidial activity of aqueous solutions of plants of the families Cupressaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae and Apiaceae. Biosystems Diversity, 27(3), 227–232.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019b). The impact of acids approved for use in foods on the vitality of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus (Nematoda) larvae. Helminthologia, 56(3), 202–210.
Boyko, O., & Brygadyrenko, V. (2021). Nematicidal activity of essential oils of medicinal plants. Folia Oecologica, 48(1), 42–48.
Brooks, W. M., & Jackson, J. J. (1990). Eugregarines: Current status as pathogens, illustrated in corn rootworms. In: Proceedings of the V International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. Adelaide. Pp. 512–515.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Nazimov, S. S. (2015). Trophic relations of Opatrum sabulosum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) with leaves of cultivated and uncultivated species of herbaceous plants under laboratory conditions. Zookeys, 481, 57–68.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Reshetniak, D. Y. (2014). Trophic preferences of Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with regard to seeds of agricultural crops in conditions of laboratory experiment. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology, 14(2), 179–190.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Reshetniak, D. Y. (2016). Morphometric variability of Clitellocephalus ophoni (Eugregarinida, Gregarinidae) in the intestines of Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Archives of Biological Sciences, 68(3), 587–601.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Svyrydchenko, A. O. (2015). Influence of the gregarine Stenophora julipusilli (Eugregarinorida, Stenophoridae) on the trophic activity of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae). Folia Oecologica, 42(1), 10–20.
Canales-Lazcano, J., Contreras-Garduño, J., & Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2005). Fitness-related attributes and gregarine burden in a non-territorial damselfly Enallagma praevarum Hagen (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 34(2), 123–130.
Carreno, R. A., & Tuhela, L. (2011). Thelastomatid nematodes (Oxyurida: Thelastomatoidea) from the peppered cockroach, Archimandrita tesselata (Insecta: Blattaria) in Costa Rica. Comparative Parasitology, 78(1), 39–55.
Chang, W.-L., Yang, C.-Y., Huang, Y.-C., Chao, D., & Chen, T.-W. (2004). Prevalence and observation of intestine-dwelling gregarines in the millipede Trigoniulus corallinus (Spirobolida: Pachybolidae) collected from Shoushan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Formosan Entomologist, 24, 137–145.
Clopton, R. E. (2002). Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970: Order Eugregarinorida Leger, 1900. In: Lee, J. J., Leedale, G., Patterson, D., & Bradbury, P. C. (Eds.). Illustrated guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. Pages 205–288.
Clopton, R. E. (2009). Phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and systematic revision of the septate gregarines (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida: Septatorina). Comparative Parasitology, 76(2), 167–190.
Clopton, R. E. (2010). Protomagalhaensia cerastes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) parasitizing the pallid cockroach, Phoetalia pallida (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Comparative Parasitology, 77, 117–124.
Clopton, R. E. (2012a). Redescription of Protomagalhaensia blaberae Peregrine, 1970 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) parasitizing the Bolivian cockroach, Blaberus boliviensis (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Comparative Parasitology, 79(2), 182–191.
Clopton, R. E. (2012b). Synoptic revision of Blabericola (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) parasitizing blaberid cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae), with comments on delineating gregarine species boundaries. Journal of Parasitology, 98(3), 572–583.
Clopton, R. E., & Hays, J. J. (2006). Revision of the genus Protomagalhaensia and description of Protomagalhaensia wolfi n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae) and Leidyana haasi n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Leidyanidae) parasitizing the lobster cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). Comparative Parasitology, 73, 137–156.
Desportes, I., & Schrével, J. (2013). Treatise on zoology – anatomy, taxonomy, biology. The gregarines. The early branching Apicomplexa. Brill.
Fakoorziba, M. R., Eghbal, F., Hassanzadeh, J., & Moemenbellah-Fard, M. D. (2010). Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in nosocomial infections. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 104(6), 521–528.
Geus, A. (1969). Sporentierchen, Sporozoa: Die Gregarinida der land- und su¨ßwasserbewohnenden Arthropoden Mitteleuropas. In: Dahl, F. (ed.). Die tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Gore, J. C., & Schal, C. (2007). Cockroach allergen biology and mitigation in the indoor environment. Annual Review of Entomology, 52, 439–463.
Goudey-Perrière, F., Lemonnier, F., Perrière, C., Dahmani, F.-Z., Wimmer, Z. (2003). Is the carbamate juvenoid W-328 an insect growth regulator for the cockroach Blaberus craniifer Br. (Insecta, Dictyoptera)? Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 75(1–2), 47–59.
Guzeeva, E. A., & Spiridonov, S. E. (2009). Morphological and molecular-taxonomic distinguishing features between two species of the genus Hammerschmidtiella Chitwood 1932 (Nematoda, Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae). Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 88(2), 131–142.
Kozak, V. M., Romanenko, E. R., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2020). Influence of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides on food consumption and body weight of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae). Biosystems Diversity, 28(3), 272–280.
Kulma, M., Kouřimská, L., Homolková, D., Božik, M., Plachý, V., & Vrabec, V. (2020). Effect of developmental stage on the nutritional value of edible insects. A case study with Blaberus craniifer and Zophobas morio. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 92, 103570.
Lambiase, S., Rasola, M., & Grigolo, A. (2004). Daily rhythm, ATP concentration and oxidative activity in an aposymbiotic strain of Blaberus craniifer Burmeister (Blattaria, Blaberidae). Italian Journal of Zoology, 71(4), 305–308.
Lange, C. E., & Lord, J. C. (2012). Chapter. 10. Protistan entomopathogens. In: Vega, F. E., & Kaya, H. K. (Eds.). Insect pathology. Second edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam. Pp. 367–394.
Maddox, J. V. (1987). Protozoan diseases. In: Fuxa, J. R., & Tanada, Y. (Eds.). Epizootiology of insect diseases. Wiley, New York. Pp. 417–452.
Martynov, V. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). The influence of synthetic food additives and surfactants on the body weight of larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Biosystems Diversity, 25(3), 236–242.
Martynov, V. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018). The impact of some inorganic substances on change in body mass of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) larvae in a laboratory experiment. Folia Oecologica, 45(1), 24–32.
Mikaelyan, A., Thompson, C. L., Hofer, M. J., & Brunea, A. (2016). Deterministic assembly of complex bacterial communities in guts of germ-free cockroaches. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82(4), 1256–1263.
Mille, P., & Peters, B. (2004). Overview of the public health implications of cockroaches and their management. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 15(12), 208–211.
Morffe, J., García, N., Véliz, L., Hasegawa, K., & Carreno, R. A. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of two species of nematodes (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatoidea: Protrelloididae, Thelastomatidae) parasitic in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis Serville (Blattaria: Blaberidae) from Cuba. Zootaxa, 5194(1), 92–108.
Nagae, S., Sato, K., Tanabe, T., & Hasegawa, K. (2021). Symbiosis of the millipede parasitic nematodes Rhigonematoidea and Thelastomatoidea with evolutionary different origins. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 21, 120.
Ozawa, S., & Hasegawa, K. (2018). Broad infectivity of Leidynema appendiculatum (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) parasite of the smoky brown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea: Blattidae). Ecology and Evolutoin, 8(8), 3908–3918.
Ozawa, S., Morfe, J., Vicente, C. S. L., Ikeda, K., Shinya, R., & Hasegawa, K. (2016). Morphological, molecular and developmental characterization of the thelastomatid nematode Thelastoma bulhoesi (de Magalhães, 1900) (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae) parasite of Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Japan. Acta Parasitologica, 61, 241–254.
Parhomenko, O. V., Kolomiichuk, S. V., Omelianov, D. D., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2022). Potential use of synthetic and natural aromatic mixtures in prevention from Shelfordella lateralis сockroaches. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 13(2), 174–179.
Peregrine, P. C. (1970). Gregarines found in cockroaches of the genus Blaberus. Parasitology, 61, 135–151.
Perkins, F. O., Barta, J. R., Clopton, R. E., Peirce, M. A., & Upton, S. J. (2000). Phylum Apicomplexa. In: Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F., Bradbury, P. (Eds.). An illustrated guide to the Protozoa: Organisms traditionally referred to as Protozoa, or newly discovered groups. 2nd ed. Society of Protozoologists. Pp. 190–369.
Rodriguez, Y., Omoto, C. K., & Gomulkiewicz, R. (2007). Individual and population effects of eugregarine, Gregarina niphandrodes (Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae), on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Environmental Entomology, 36(4), 689–693.
Ross, A. J. (2012). Testing decreasing variabililty of cockroach forewings through time using four recent species: Blattella germanica, Polyphaga aegyptiaca, Shelfordella lateralis and Blaberus craniifer, with implications for the study of fossil cockroach forewings. Insect Science, 19(2), 129–142.
Roth, L. M. (1983). Systematics and phylogeny of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria). Oriental Insects, 37, 1–186.
Svyrydchenko, A. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2014). Trophic preferences of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae) for the litter of various tree species. Folia Oecologica, 41(2), 202–212.
Tanada, Y., & Kaya, H. K. (1993). Insect pathology. Academic Press, San Diego.
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