Sensitivity of non-target groups of invertebrates to cypermethrin
Keywords:
non-target groups of invertebrates; pyrethiroids; susceptibility to insecticide; median lethal dose; survivability of species.
Abstract
Agrogenic pollution with pyrethroid insecticides has been impacting the structure of populations of terrestrial invertebrates, causing decline in their taxonomic diversity and tolerance to critical values of environmental factors. In a laboratory experiment, we evaluated the sensitivity of 46 non-target invertebrate species to cypermethrin. In most examined species, we observed correlation between the body parameters (length and weight of body) and tolerance to this insecticide. We determined that the greater body size of the invertebrates, the better their tolerance to cypermethrin. Differences in LD50 were the highest for groups of invertebrates with the body weight of 1.0–3.9 mg (1.9 ± 0.5 g/ha) and 16.0–63.9 mg (16.4 ± 3.2 g/ha). We observed a relashionship between the trophic specialization and sensitivity to the insecticide in phytophages and zoophages. Average LD50 values for phytophages were 2.1 ± 0.5 g/ha, much lower than for zoophages – 15.6 ± 3.3 g/ha. Among zoophages, the greatest tolerance to cypermethrin was demonstrated by ground beetles Carabus coriaceus L., Pterostichus niger (Schall.), P. melanarius (Ill.), Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer), and earwigs Forficula auricularia L. Analysis of various taxonomic groups of insects revealed the parameter to be 24.00 ± 4.66 for Carabidae, 8.60 ± 2.72 for Formicidae, and 0.23 ± 0.08 for Staphylinidae. Among the taxonomic groups we studied, the most sensitive to cypermethrin (LD50 = 0.002–0.99 g/ha) were Philonthus decorus (0.0029), Ph. rectangulus (0.0035), Ophonus rufibarbis (0.121), Oxytelus sculptus (0.124), Myrmica ruginodis (0.39), Aleochara lanuginosa (0.49), Carabus granulatus (0.51), Oxythyrea funesta (0.52), Tachinus signatus (0.55), Cixiidae sp. (0.56), Lygus pratensis (0.56), Carabus convexus (0.71), and C. hortensis (0.83). Lower sensitivity to cypermethrin (LD50 = 1.00–9.99 g/ha) was seen in Lasius fuliginosus (1.05), Pyrrhocoris apterus (1.28), Chortippus sp. 2 (1.96), Rhyparochromus phoeniceus (2.24), Phosphuga atrata (2.25), Chironomus plumosus (2.58), Labia minor (2.86), Graphosoma italicum (2.86), Hister fenestus (3.39), Cylindroiulus truncorum (3.61), Opilio saxatilis (3.71), Chortippus sp. 1 (3.94), Epaphius secalis (4.54), Lasius niger (4.77), Silpha carinata (4.84), Aphodius foetens (4.94), Porcellio laevis (5.68), Coreus marginatus (6.50), Leistus ferrugineus (7.39), and Lasius alienus (9.73). The most tolerant to cypermethrin (LD50 = 10.00–108.00 g/ha) were Calathus fuscipes (12.14), Limodromus assimilis (12.22), Trochosa terricola (12.55), Lithobius forficatus (13.98), Calathus ambiguus (20.85), Nebria brevicollis (23.20), Ponera coarctata (27.04), Megaphyllum sp. (29.01), Pseudoophonus rufipes (41.75), Pterostichus melanarius (45.78), P. niger (58.29), Forficula auricularia (80.57), and Carabus coriaceus (107.71). The differences we found in tolerance to cypermethrin ranged 100,000 times. This evidences the necessity of further research of taxonomic differences in tolerance of invertebrates to cypermethrin.References
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Brygadyrenko, V., Avtaeva, T., & Matsyura, A. (2021). Effect of global climate change on the distribution of Anchomenus dorsalis (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Europe. Acta Biologica Sibirica, 7, 237–260.
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Decourtye, A., Devillers, J., Genecque, E., Le Menach, K., Budzinski, H., Cluzeau, S., & Pham-Delegue, M. H. (2005). Comparative sublethal toxicity of nine pesticides on olfactory learning performances of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48(2), 242–250.
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Dhananjay, V., & Ravichandran, B. (2018). Occupational health risk of farmers exposed to pesticides in agricultural activities. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 4, 31–37.
Diao, J., Xu, P., Liu, D., Lu, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2011). Enantiomer-specific toxicity and bioaccumulation of alpha-cypermethrin to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 192(3), 1072–1078.
El-Hassawy, M., Abou-Donia, S., Mohamed, H., & Helalia, A. (2014). Development of resistance to some insecticides and its relation to some biochemical changes in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 5(5), 613–632.
Faly, L. I., Kolombar, T. M., Prokopenko, E. V., Pakhomov, O. Y., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Structure of litter macrofauna communities in poplar plantations in an urban ecosystem in Ukraine. Biosystems Diversity, 25(1), 29–38.
Farag, M. R., Alagawany, M., Bilal, R. M., Gewida, A. G. A., Dhama, K., Abdel-Latif, H. M. R., Amer, M. S., Rivero-Perez, N., Zaragoza-Bastida, A., Binnaser, Y. S., Batiha, G. E. S., & Naiel, M. A. E. (2021). An overview on the potential hazards of pyrethroid insecticides in fish, with special emphasis on cypermethrin toxicity. Animals, 11(7), 1880.
Fernandez San Juan, M. R., Cortelezzi, A., Albornoz, C. B., Landro, S. M., Arrighetti, F., Najle, R., & Lavarías, S. M. L. (2020). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety toxicity of pyrethroid cypermethrin on the freshwater snail Chilina parchappii: Lethal and sublethal effects. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 196, 110565.
Gibbons, D., Morrissey, C., & Mineau, P. (2014). A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 103–118.
Hartnik, T., Sverdrup, L. E., & Jensen, J. (2008). Toxicity of the pesticide alpha-cypermethrin to four soil nontarget invertebrates and implications for risk assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27, 1408–1415.
Hasenbein, S., Lawler, S. P., Geist, J., & Connon, R. E. (2016). A long-term assessment of pesticide mixture effects on aquatic invertebrate communities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(1), 218–232.
Korolev, O. V., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2014). Influence of individual variation in the trophic spectra of Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera, Carabidae) on the adaptation possibilities of its population. Folia Oecologica, 41(1), 34–43.
Kozak, V. M., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018). Impact of cadmium and lead on Megaphyllum kievense (Diplopoda, Julidae) in a laboratory experiment. Biosystems Diversity, 26(2), 128–131.
Kozak, V. M., Romanenko, E. R., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2020). Influence of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides on food consumption and body weight of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae). Biosystems Diversity, 28(3), 272–280.
Kumar, A., Jasrotia, S., Dutta, J., & Kyzas, G. Z. (2023). Pyrethroids toxicity in vertebrates and invertebrates and amelioration by bioactive compounds: A review. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 196, 105615.
Kyrychenko, O. V., Kots, S. Y., Khrapova, A. V., & Omelchuk, S. V. (2022). Biological activity of soybean seed lectin at the spraying of Glycine max plants against the background of seed treatment with pesticide containing fipronil, thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin as active substances and rhizobial bacterization. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 13(2), 105–113.
Lamarre, G. P. A., Juin, Y., Lapied, E., Le Gall, P., & Nakamura, A. (2018). Using field-based entomological research to promote awareness about forest ecosystem conservation. Nature Conservation, 29, 39–56.
Langraf, V., Petrovičová, K., Schlarmannová, J., Cenke, P., & Brygadyrenko, V. (2022). Influence of ecological farming on the community structure of epigeic arthropods in crops Triticum aestivum and T. spelta. Biosystems Diversity, 30(3), 263–269.
Langraf, V., Petrovičová, K., Schlarmannová, J., David, S., Avtaeva, T. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2021). Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna. Biosystems Diversity, 29(4), 319–325.
Li, H., Cheng, F., Wei, Y., Lydy, M. J., & You, J. (2017). Global occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment and the associated toxicological effects on benthic invertebrates: An overview. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 324, 258–271.
Liao, C., He, X., Wang, Z., Barron, A. B., Zhang, B., Zeng, Z., & Wu, X. (2018). Short-term exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin negatively affects the survival and memory-related characteristics of worker bees Apis mellifera. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75(1), 59–65.
Liu, Y. J., & Shen, J. L. (2003). Biochemical mechanism and genetics of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and the relative fitness of the resistant strain. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 46, 567–572.
Major, K. M., Weston, D. P., Lydy, M. J., Wellborn, G. A., & Poynton, H. C. (2018). Unintentional exposure to terrestrial pesticides drives widespread and predictable evolution of resistance in freshwater crustaceans. Evolutionary Applications, 11(5), 748–761.
Maund, S. J., Campbell, P. J., Giddings, J. M., Hamer, M. J., Henry, K., Pilling, E. D., Warinton, J. S., & Wheeler, J. R. (2011). Ecotoxicology of synthetic pyrethroids. In: Matsuo, N., & Mori, T. (Eds.). Pyrethroids. Springer. Vol. 314. Pp. 137–165.
Moreby, S. J., Southway, S., Barker, A., & Holland, J. M. (2001). A comparison of the effect of new and established insecticides on nontarget invertebrates of winter wheat fields. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(10), 2243–2254.
Mugni, H., Paracampo, A., Marrochi, N., & Bonetto, C. (2013). Acute toxicity of cypermethrin to the non target organism Hyalella curvispina. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 35(1), 88–92.
Nedzvetsky, V. S., Gasso, V. Y., Novitskiy, R. O., & Yermolenko, S. V. (2020). Influence of the insecticide λ-cyhalothrin on oxidative stress and expression of replicative protein A in the brain of fish. Agrology, 3(4), 214–218.
Ottea, J. A., Ibrahm, S. A., Younis, A. M., & Young, R. J. (2000). Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in larvae and adults from a cypermethrin-selected strain of Heliothis virescens (F.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 66(1), 20–32.
Pan, C., Zhou, Y., & Mo, J. (2009). The clone of laccase gene and its potential function in cuticular penetration resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to fenvalerate. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 93(3), 105–111.
Pandey, V. L., Dev, S. M., & Jayachandran, U. (2016). Impact of agricultural interventions on the nutritional status in South Asia: A review. Food Policy, 62, 28–40.
Puchkov, A. V., Brygadyrenko, V. V., Faly, L. I., & Komaromi, N. A. (2020). Staphylinids (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of Ukrainian metropolises. Biosystems Diversity, 28(1), 41–47.
Putchkov, A. V., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2022). Rare species of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Dnipropetrovsk Region (Ukraine). Biosystems Diversity, 30(3), 310–337.
Rani, L., Thapa, K., Kanojia, N., Sharma, N., Singh, S., Grewal, A. S., & Kaushal, J. (2020). An extensive review on the consequences of chemical pesticides on human health and environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 124657.
Soderlund, D. M., & Knipple, D. C. (2003). The molecular biology of knockdown resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 33(6), 563–577.
Ullah, S., Li, Z., Zuberi, A., Ul Arifeen, M. Z., & Baig, M. M. F. A. (2019). Biomarkers of pyrethroid toxicity in fish. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17, 945–973.
Weston, D. P., Holmes, R. W., You, J., & Lydy, M. J. (2005). Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(24), 9778–9784.
Zhu, F., Gujar, H., Gordon, J. R., Haynes, K. F., Potter, M. F., & Palli, S. R. (2013). Bed bugs evolved unique adaptive strategy to resist pyrethroid insecticides. Scientific Reports, 3, 1456.
Zortéa, T., Baretta, D., Maccari, A. P., Segat, J. C., Boiago E. S., Sousa, J. P., & Da Silva, A. S. (2015). Influence of cypermethrin on avoidance behavior, survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida in soil. Chemosphere, 122, 94–98.
Avtaeva, T. A., Sukhodolskaya, R. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2021). Modeling the bioclimatiс range of Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in conditions of global climate change. Biosystems Diversity, 29(2), 140–150.
Avtaeva, T. A., Sukhodolskaya, R. A., Skripchinsky, A. V., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019). Range of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in conditions of global climate change. Biosystems Diversity, 27(1), 76–84.
Avtaeva, T., Petrovičová, K., Langraf, V., & Brygadyrenko, V. (2021). Potential bioclimatic ranges of crop pests Zabrus tenebrioides and Harpalus rufipes during climate change conditions. Diversity, 13, 559.
Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2015). Influence of moisture conditions and mineralization of soil solution on structure of litter macrofauna of the deciduous forests of Ukraine steppe zone. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University, Biology, Ecology, 23(1), 50–65.
Brygadyrenko, V. V., & Nazimov, S. S. (2015). Trophic relations of Opatrum sabulosum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) with leaves of cultivated and uncultivated species of herbaceous plants under laboratory conditions. Zookeys, 481, 57–68.
Brygadyrenko, V., & Ivanyshyn, V. (2015). Changes in the body mass of Megaphyllum kievense (Diplopoda, Julidae) and the granulometric composition of leaf litter subject to different concentrations of copper. Journal of Forest Science, 61(9), 369–376.
Brygadyrenko, V., Avtaeva, T., & Matsyura, A. (2021). Effect of global climate change on the distribution of Anchomenus dorsalis (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Europe. Acta Biologica Sibirica, 7, 237–260.
Ch, R., Singh, A., Pandey, P. Saxena, P. N., & Mudiam, M. K. R. (2015). Identifying the metabolic perturbations in earthworm induced by cypermethrin using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics. Scientific Reports, 5, 15674.
Decourtye, A., Devillers, J., Genecque, E., Le Menach, K., Budzinski, H., Cluzeau, S., & Pham-Delegue, M. H. (2005). Comparative sublethal toxicity of nine pesticides on olfactory learning performances of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48(2), 242–250.
Desneux, N., Decourtye, A., & Delpuech, J. M. (2007). The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 52(1), 81–106.
Dhananjay, V., & Ravichandran, B. (2018). Occupational health risk of farmers exposed to pesticides in agricultural activities. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 4, 31–37.
Diao, J., Xu, P., Liu, D., Lu, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2011). Enantiomer-specific toxicity and bioaccumulation of alpha-cypermethrin to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 192(3), 1072–1078.
El-Hassawy, M., Abou-Donia, S., Mohamed, H., & Helalia, A. (2014). Development of resistance to some insecticides and its relation to some biochemical changes in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 5(5), 613–632.
Faly, L. I., Kolombar, T. M., Prokopenko, E. V., Pakhomov, O. Y., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Structure of litter macrofauna communities in poplar plantations in an urban ecosystem in Ukraine. Biosystems Diversity, 25(1), 29–38.
Farag, M. R., Alagawany, M., Bilal, R. M., Gewida, A. G. A., Dhama, K., Abdel-Latif, H. M. R., Amer, M. S., Rivero-Perez, N., Zaragoza-Bastida, A., Binnaser, Y. S., Batiha, G. E. S., & Naiel, M. A. E. (2021). An overview on the potential hazards of pyrethroid insecticides in fish, with special emphasis on cypermethrin toxicity. Animals, 11(7), 1880.
Fernandez San Juan, M. R., Cortelezzi, A., Albornoz, C. B., Landro, S. M., Arrighetti, F., Najle, R., & Lavarías, S. M. L. (2020). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety toxicity of pyrethroid cypermethrin on the freshwater snail Chilina parchappii: Lethal and sublethal effects. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 196, 110565.
Gibbons, D., Morrissey, C., & Mineau, P. (2014). A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 103–118.
Hartnik, T., Sverdrup, L. E., & Jensen, J. (2008). Toxicity of the pesticide alpha-cypermethrin to four soil nontarget invertebrates and implications for risk assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27, 1408–1415.
Hasenbein, S., Lawler, S. P., Geist, J., & Connon, R. E. (2016). A long-term assessment of pesticide mixture effects on aquatic invertebrate communities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(1), 218–232.
Korolev, O. V., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2014). Influence of individual variation in the trophic spectra of Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera, Carabidae) on the adaptation possibilities of its population. Folia Oecologica, 41(1), 34–43.
Kozak, V. M., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018). Impact of cadmium and lead on Megaphyllum kievense (Diplopoda, Julidae) in a laboratory experiment. Biosystems Diversity, 26(2), 128–131.
Kozak, V. M., Romanenko, E. R., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2020). Influence of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides on food consumption and body weight of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae). Biosystems Diversity, 28(3), 272–280.
Kumar, A., Jasrotia, S., Dutta, J., & Kyzas, G. Z. (2023). Pyrethroids toxicity in vertebrates and invertebrates and amelioration by bioactive compounds: A review. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 196, 105615.
Kyrychenko, O. V., Kots, S. Y., Khrapova, A. V., & Omelchuk, S. V. (2022). Biological activity of soybean seed lectin at the spraying of Glycine max plants against the background of seed treatment with pesticide containing fipronil, thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin as active substances and rhizobial bacterization. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 13(2), 105–113.
Lamarre, G. P. A., Juin, Y., Lapied, E., Le Gall, P., & Nakamura, A. (2018). Using field-based entomological research to promote awareness about forest ecosystem conservation. Nature Conservation, 29, 39–56.
Langraf, V., Petrovičová, K., Schlarmannová, J., Cenke, P., & Brygadyrenko, V. (2022). Influence of ecological farming on the community structure of epigeic arthropods in crops Triticum aestivum and T. spelta. Biosystems Diversity, 30(3), 263–269.
Langraf, V., Petrovičová, K., Schlarmannová, J., David, S., Avtaeva, T. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2021). Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna. Biosystems Diversity, 29(4), 319–325.
Li, H., Cheng, F., Wei, Y., Lydy, M. J., & You, J. (2017). Global occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment and the associated toxicological effects on benthic invertebrates: An overview. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 324, 258–271.
Liao, C., He, X., Wang, Z., Barron, A. B., Zhang, B., Zeng, Z., & Wu, X. (2018). Short-term exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin negatively affects the survival and memory-related characteristics of worker bees Apis mellifera. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75(1), 59–65.
Liu, Y. J., & Shen, J. L. (2003). Biochemical mechanism and genetics of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and the relative fitness of the resistant strain. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 46, 567–572.
Major, K. M., Weston, D. P., Lydy, M. J., Wellborn, G. A., & Poynton, H. C. (2018). Unintentional exposure to terrestrial pesticides drives widespread and predictable evolution of resistance in freshwater crustaceans. Evolutionary Applications, 11(5), 748–761.
Maund, S. J., Campbell, P. J., Giddings, J. M., Hamer, M. J., Henry, K., Pilling, E. D., Warinton, J. S., & Wheeler, J. R. (2011). Ecotoxicology of synthetic pyrethroids. In: Matsuo, N., & Mori, T. (Eds.). Pyrethroids. Springer. Vol. 314. Pp. 137–165.
Moreby, S. J., Southway, S., Barker, A., & Holland, J. M. (2001). A comparison of the effect of new and established insecticides on nontarget invertebrates of winter wheat fields. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(10), 2243–2254.
Mugni, H., Paracampo, A., Marrochi, N., & Bonetto, C. (2013). Acute toxicity of cypermethrin to the non target organism Hyalella curvispina. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 35(1), 88–92.
Nedzvetsky, V. S., Gasso, V. Y., Novitskiy, R. O., & Yermolenko, S. V. (2020). Influence of the insecticide λ-cyhalothrin on oxidative stress and expression of replicative protein A in the brain of fish. Agrology, 3(4), 214–218.
Ottea, J. A., Ibrahm, S. A., Younis, A. M., & Young, R. J. (2000). Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in larvae and adults from a cypermethrin-selected strain of Heliothis virescens (F.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 66(1), 20–32.
Pan, C., Zhou, Y., & Mo, J. (2009). The clone of laccase gene and its potential function in cuticular penetration resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to fenvalerate. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 93(3), 105–111.
Pandey, V. L., Dev, S. M., & Jayachandran, U. (2016). Impact of agricultural interventions on the nutritional status in South Asia: A review. Food Policy, 62, 28–40.
Puchkov, A. V., Brygadyrenko, V. V., Faly, L. I., & Komaromi, N. A. (2020). Staphylinids (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of Ukrainian metropolises. Biosystems Diversity, 28(1), 41–47.
Putchkov, A. V., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2022). Rare species of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Dnipropetrovsk Region (Ukraine). Biosystems Diversity, 30(3), 310–337.
Rani, L., Thapa, K., Kanojia, N., Sharma, N., Singh, S., Grewal, A. S., & Kaushal, J. (2020). An extensive review on the consequences of chemical pesticides on human health and environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 124657.
Soderlund, D. M., & Knipple, D. C. (2003). The molecular biology of knockdown resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 33(6), 563–577.
Ullah, S., Li, Z., Zuberi, A., Ul Arifeen, M. Z., & Baig, M. M. F. A. (2019). Biomarkers of pyrethroid toxicity in fish. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17, 945–973.
Weston, D. P., Holmes, R. W., You, J., & Lydy, M. J. (2005). Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(24), 9778–9784.
Zhu, F., Gujar, H., Gordon, J. R., Haynes, K. F., Potter, M. F., & Palli, S. R. (2013). Bed bugs evolved unique adaptive strategy to resist pyrethroid insecticides. Scientific Reports, 3, 1456.
Zortéa, T., Baretta, D., Maccari, A. P., Segat, J. C., Boiago E. S., Sousa, J. P., & Da Silva, A. S. (2015). Influence of cypermethrin on avoidance behavior, survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida in soil. Chemosphere, 122, 94–98.
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2023-08-20
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